Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is an ancient temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, located on the Acropolis of Athens, and represents the pinnacle of Classical Greek architecture. It embodies the ideals of beauty and harmony in its design, showcasing advanced construction techniques and the use of the Doric order. The Parthenon is not only a symbol of Ancient Greece but also of democracy and Western civilization.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Construction of the Parthenon began in 447 BC and was completed in 432 BC during the height of Athenian power and influence.
2. The Parthenon was designed by architects Ictinus and Callicrates, with sculptor Phidias overseeing its artistic decoration.
3. The temple housed a monumental statue of Athena Parthenos, created by Phidias, which was made of gold and ivory and stood about 40 feet tall.
4. The Parthenon has undergone several transformations throughout history, serving as a Christian church, a mosque, and even a munitions depot.
5. Today, the Parthenon is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and continues to be an enduring symbol of ancient Greek culture and democracy.

Review Questions

• How does the architectural design of the Parthenon reflect the ideals of Classical Greek culture?
  • The architectural design of the Parthenon reflects Classical Greek ideals through its use of proportion, symmetry, and harmony. The temple employs the Doric order, showcasing sturdy columns that convey strength while adhering to strict mathematical ratios that create a sense of balance. The careful attention to detail in its structure symbolizes the importance of beauty and order in Greek society, aligning with their values of democracy and civic pride.
• Discuss the significance of the sculptures found in and around the Parthenon and their role in ancient Greek art.
  • The sculptures associated with the Parthenon, including the frieze, metopes, and pedimental figures, are significant as they exemplify the height of ancient Greek art. They depict various mythological scenes and historical events, highlighting themes of heroism, gods, and civic duty. These works not only enhanced the temple's aesthetic appeal but also served to educate citizens about their history and cultural values while showcasing the advanced artistic techniques employed by sculptor Phidias.
• Evaluate how the Parthenon's history has influenced modern interpretations of democracy and cultural identity.
  • The Parthenon's history has greatly influenced modern interpretations of democracy and cultural identity by serving as a powerful symbol of Athenian democracy and philosophical ideals. Its role as a temple dedicated to Athena reinforces the connection between civic responsibility and divine favor. As nations have looked to Greece for inspiration in democratic governance, the Parthenon has become an iconic representation of democratic principles and cultural heritage, prompting discussions about identity, citizenship, and values in contemporary society.

Related terms

Doric Order: A style of ancient Greek architecture characterized by sturdy columns with simple capitals and no bases, representing strength and simplicity.

Acropolis: An elevated area in ancient Greek cities, often containing significant temples and structures, with the Parthenon being the most famous example.

Frieze: A decorative band on a building, often found in classical architecture, typically containing reliefs that depict historical or mythological scenes.