Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is a magnificent temple on the Acropolis of Athens, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron. Built in the 5th century BCE during the height of the Athenian Empire, it exemplifies the architectural and artistic achievements of Ancient Greece. The Parthenon represents not only a place of worship but also a symbol of Athenian democracy and cultural power, showcasing the values and beliefs of its time.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Construction of the Parthenon began in 447 BCE and was completed in 432 BCE, largely under the leadership of the statesman Pericles.
2. The Parthenon housed a monumental statue of Athena Parthenos, made by the sculptor Phidias, which was over 38 feet tall and made of gold and ivory.
3. The temple is designed with precise proportions and employs optical illusions, such as slight curvature in its columns to appear perfectly straight.
4. The Parthenon served not only as a temple but also as a treasury and a symbol of Athenian power during its golden age.
5. Throughout history, the Parthenon has undergone various transformations, including serving as a church and later a mosque, reflecting the changing cultures of Athens.

Review Questions

• How does the design and structure of the Parthenon reflect the values and artistic ideals of Ancient Greece?
  • The design of the Parthenon showcases key artistic ideals such as harmony, proportion, and beauty that were central to Ancient Greek culture. Its use of the Doric order reflects a preference for simplicity and strength while incorporating subtle optical corrections to create an illusion of perfection. This attention to detail not only illustrates advanced architectural knowledge but also symbolizes Athenian pride in their cultural achievements and devotion to Athena as their protector.
• Discuss the significance of the Parthenon as a cultural symbol for Athens during its golden age.
  • The Parthenon stood as a powerful cultural symbol for Athens during its golden age by embodying both religious devotion and political power. It represented Athenian democracy, showcasing how the city-state valued civic engagement while also honoring their patron goddess Athena. Additionally, its grandeur reflected the wealth and influence Athens wielded over other Greek city-states, serving as a statement of their superiority and artistic prowess in contrast to rival powers.
• Evaluate the impact of historical transformations on the Parthenon's function and meaning over time.
  • Over centuries, the Parthenon has experienced various transformations that significantly altered its function and meaning. Initially built as a temple to Athena, it later became a Christian church and then a mosque during Ottoman rule, reflecting shifts in religious practices and cultural influences in Athens. Each transformation added layers to its historical narrative; however, modern preservation efforts aim to restore its original glory while recognizing these changes. This evolving identity underscores how monuments can adapt to new contexts while remaining significant to different societies throughout history.

Related terms

Acropolis: A high, rocky outcrop in Athens that served as the religious and ceremonial center, housing significant structures like the Parthenon.

Doric Order: One of the classical orders of ancient Greek architecture, characterized by simple, sturdy columns without bases, used in the construction of the Parthenon.

Athena: The ancient Greek goddess of wisdom, war, and crafts, revered in Athens and honored through the construction of the Parthenon.