Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis in Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patroness. This iconic structure represents the height of ancient Greek architecture and is a symbol of democracy and Western civilization. Its design incorporates various architectural orders and reflects the artistic achievements of its time.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Parthenon was built between 447 and 432 BC during the height of the Athenian Empire, reflecting the wealth and power of Athens at that time.
2. It is designed using the Doric order for the exterior columns and includes elements of the Ionic order in its interior, showcasing a blend of architectural styles.
3. The Parthenon's frieze is famous for its intricate relief sculptures that depict various mythological and historical scenes, including the Panathenaic procession.
4. The temple housed a monumental statue of Athena Parthenos made by the sculptor Phidias, which was over 12 meters tall and made of gold and ivory.
5. The Parthenon has undergone various transformations over the centuries, serving as a Christian church and later as a mosque, before eventually becoming a symbol of cultural heritage and preservation efforts.

Review Questions

• How does the design of the Parthenon reflect its cultural and religious significance in ancient Athens?
  • The design of the Parthenon reflects its cultural and religious significance through its dedication to Athena, showcasing her importance as the protector of Athens. The temple's grandeur and architectural precision symbolize the power and prosperity of the Athenian state during its Golden Age. Additionally, its incorporation of both Doric and Ionic elements highlights the artistic innovation of the period, while the intricate friezes serve to narrate key mythological and civic events, reinforcing communal identity and devotion.
• Compare and contrast the architectural orders represented in the Parthenon and their roles in Greek architecture.
  • The Parthenon features both Doric and Ionic architectural orders, illustrating their unique characteristics and functions in Greek architecture. The exterior columns are predominantly Doric, marked by their sturdy form and simplicity, which convey strength and masculinity. In contrast, the interior showcases Ionic columns that are more slender and ornate, reflecting grace and sophistication. This blend serves to emphasize both functional aspects—providing structural support—and aesthetic values—creating visual harmony within a sacred space.
• Evaluate how the Parthenon's artistic elements contributed to the emergence of Classical style in Greek art and architecture.
  • The Parthenon's artistic elements significantly contributed to the emergence of Classical style by exemplifying ideals such as proportion, balance, and harmony that defined this period. The meticulous attention to detail in its sculptures, including the friezes depicting human figures in dynamic poses, exemplifies a shift towards naturalism seen in Classical art. Furthermore, the careful mathematical ratios used in its proportions not only ensured structural integrity but also created an aesthetic experience that influenced future generations of architects and artists, solidifying its role as a benchmark for beauty in Western architecture.

Related terms

Acropolis: An ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens, known for its significant monuments, including the Parthenon.

Doric Order: One of the three classical orders of ancient Greek architecture characterized by simple, sturdy columns with fluted shafts and no base.

Frieze: A decorative band or panel that often features relief sculptures, commonly found in classical architecture, such as that of the Parthenon.