Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is an ancient temple located on the Acropolis of Athens, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patroness. This architectural masterpiece represents the pinnacle of Doric architecture and is a symbol of the cultural and political achievements of ancient Athens during its Golden Age in the 5th century BCE. Its construction reflects the values of democracy, beauty, and artistic excellence that were central to Athenian civilization.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Parthenon was constructed between 447 and 432 BCE under the leadership of the statesman Pericles and served as a symbol of Athenian power and culture.
2. It housed a massive statue of Athena Parthenos made by the sculptor Phidias, which stood approximately 12 meters tall and was made of gold and ivory.
3. The architectural design of the Parthenon features precise mathematical proportions, creating an optical illusion that enhances its visual appeal.
4. The Parthenon was not only a temple but also served as a treasury for the Delian League, a coalition of Greek city-states led by Athens.
5. Throughout history, the Parthenon has undergone various transformations, including being used as a Christian church and later as a mosque during Ottoman rule.

Review Questions

• How does the architectural design of the Parthenon reflect the cultural values of ancient Athens?
  • The architectural design of the Parthenon showcases the cultural values of ancient Athens through its emphasis on harmony, proportion, and beauty. Built in the Doric order, it utilizes mathematical ratios to create an aesthetically pleasing structure that embodies ideals of symmetry and balance. This attention to detail reflects the Athenian commitment to artistic excellence and innovation during their Golden Age, emphasizing their belief in democracy and civic pride.
• Discuss the significance of Athena's statue within the Parthenon in relation to Athenian identity and religion.
  • Athena's statue within the Parthenon was not just an artistic masterpiece but also a powerful symbol of Athenian identity and religious devotion. The statue represented Athena Parthenos, highlighting her importance as the city's patron goddess. It reinforced civic pride among Athenians by embodying their values of wisdom and warfare prowess while serving as a focal point for worship and public ceremonies, thereby solidifying the connection between religion and civic life in Athens.
• Evaluate how historical events have impacted the preservation and interpretation of the Parthenon over time.
  • Historical events have significantly influenced both the preservation and interpretation of the Parthenon throughout centuries. Initially built as a temple dedicated to Athena, it transitioned through various roles—including a Christian church and an Ottoman mosque—each transformation impacting its structure and decoration. The severe damage caused by wars, particularly during the Venetian siege in 1687 when gunpowder stored inside exploded, has led to ongoing restoration efforts. Today, discussions about its restoration often involve debates over cultural heritage and ownership, reflecting how modern perspectives shape our understanding of this iconic monument.

Related terms

Doric Order: One of the three classical orders of ancient Greek architecture, characterized by simple, sturdy columns with no bases and a fluted shaft.

Acropolis: An elevated area in Athens that serves as the site for several important ancient buildings, including the Parthenon, serving as a religious center.

Athena: The Greek goddess of wisdom, warfare, and crafts, who was revered in ancient Athens and is represented by numerous sculptures and temples.