Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is an ancient temple on the Acropolis of Athens, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patroness. This monumental structure is an iconic symbol of Ancient Greece and is celebrated for its architectural brilliance, featuring Doric columns and intricate sculptures that exemplify the artistry and cultural values of the Golden Age of Athens.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The construction of the Parthenon began in 447 BCE during the height of the Athenian empire and was completed in 432 BCE.
2. It was designed by architects Ictinus and Callicrates and sculptor Phidias, who oversaw the artistic decoration of the temple.
3. The Parthenon housed a massive statue of Athena Parthenos, made of gold and ivory, which stood about 40 feet tall.
4. The temple was built using local Pentelic marble and is known for its perfect proportions and use of optical illusions to enhance its appearance.
5. In addition to its religious function, the Parthenon served as a symbol of Athenian democracy and cultural achievement during the Golden Age.

Review Questions

• What architectural features make the Parthenon an exemplary representation of ancient Greek design?
  • The Parthenon is a prime example of ancient Greek architecture due to its use of Doric columns, which are simple yet robust. The building's proportions are meticulously calculated to create a sense of harmony and balance. Additionally, the incorporation of optical illusions, such as slight curvature in the columns and steps, enhances its visual appeal, making it not just a place of worship but also a masterpiece of architectural ingenuity.
• Discuss how the Parthenon reflects the cultural values of Athens during its Golden Age.
  • The Parthenon symbolizes Athenian pride and identity during its Golden Age, showcasing their devotion to Athena as well as their achievements in arts and philosophy. The grandeur of the temple reflects not only religious beliefs but also political power and democratic ideals. The intricately designed sculptures that adorn it tell stories from mythology, illustrating Athens' cultural sophistication and serving as a reminder of their historical narrative.
• Evaluate the significance of the Parthenon in understanding the broader implications of Athenian society's values during the 5th century BCE.
  • The Parthenon stands as a testament to Athenian society's values during the 5th century BCE, encapsulating themes such as civic pride, religious devotion, and artistic excellence. It reveals how Athenians viewed themselves as leaders in culture and politics within Greece. Moreover, analyzing its construction and decoration allows us to comprehend how monumental architecture was used to communicate power dynamics within city-states while also fostering a collective identity among citizens that celebrated their democratic ideals and cultural heritage.

Related terms

Acropolis: A high, fortified area in ancient Greek cities, often containing temples and important public buildings, with the Parthenon being the most famous structure located on the Acropolis of Athens.

Doric Order: One of the classical orders of ancient Greek architecture characterized by sturdy columns with a plain capital and no base, which is exemplified in the design of the Parthenon.

Athena: The Greek goddess of wisdom, war, and crafts, who was worshiped as the patron deity of Athens and was the central figure to whom the Parthenon was dedicated.