Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis dedicated to the goddess Athena, constructed between 447 and 432 B.C. It stands as a prime example of Classical Greek architecture and embodies key features of the Doric and Ionic orders, reflecting the artistic innovations and cultural values of ancient Greece during its height.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Parthenon was built during the height of Athenian power and prosperity in the 5th century B.C., symbolizing the city's glory and devotion to Athena.
2. The structure is primarily designed in the Doric order but incorporates Ionic elements, particularly in its frieze and details, showcasing innovative architectural practices.
3. The Parthenon housed a colossal statue of Athena Parthenos, made of gold and ivory, created by Pheidias, which represented the wealth and artistic skill of Athens.
4. The building's dimensions are known for their perfect proportions, which have influenced architectural design throughout history and remain a benchmark for beauty and harmony.
5. The Parthenon's sculptures, including the frieze and metopes, depicted significant mythological battles and events, serving both a decorative and propagandistic purpose.

Review Questions

• How does the architectural design of the Parthenon reflect major artistic developments during its time?
  • The architectural design of the Parthenon showcases significant artistic advancements through its use of proportions, balance, and integration of both Doric and Ionic elements. The harmony achieved in its layout and details illustrates the shift towards more refined aesthetics that defined Classical Greek art. Additionally, innovations such as entasis—slight curvature in columns—are evident in the Parthenon's construction, enhancing its visual appeal and demonstrating the high level of craftsmanship present during this period.
• Discuss the political context surrounding the construction of the Parthenon and how it served as a symbol for Athens.
  • The construction of the Parthenon was deeply intertwined with Athens' political landscape following their victory in the Persian Wars. It was commissioned as part of Pericles' building program to demonstrate Athenian wealth, power, and cultural superiority. As a temple dedicated to Athena, it symbolized not just religious devotion but also served as a propaganda tool to solidify Athenian identity and pride during a time of democracy and imperial expansion.
• Evaluate Pheidias's role in shaping Classical Greek art through his contributions to the Parthenon and its sculptures.
  • Pheidias played a crucial role in shaping Classical Greek art through his vision for the Parthenon, which included overseeing its construction and creating its iconic sculptures. His ability to blend artistry with architectural integrity not only set new standards for monumental art but also influenced subsequent generations of artists. The grandeur of his works, especially the statue of Athena Parthenos, established a paradigm for scale and detail that would resonate throughout Western art history, marking a significant legacy in both sculpture and architecture.

Related terms

Acropolis: A citadel or complex built on a high hill, often serving as a religious center; the Athenian Acropolis is the most famous example, housing several significant structures including the Parthenon.

Doric Order: One of the classical orders of ancient Greek architecture characterized by sturdy columns with simple capitals and no bases, exemplified in the design of the Parthenon.

Pheidias: An influential sculptor and architect of ancient Greece, credited with overseeing the construction of the Parthenon and its sculptures, including the massive statue of Athena housed inside.