Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is a former temple on the Acropolis of Athens, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patroness. This architectural marvel embodies the ideals of ancient Greek art and culture, reflecting both the religious devotion to the Olympian pantheon and the political power of Athens during its Golden Age. The Parthenon is not just a temple; it symbolizes the cultural and historical significance of ancient Greece, showcasing advancements in architecture and sculpture.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Parthenon was constructed between 447 and 432 BC during the height of the Athenian Empire, designed by architects Ictinus and Callicrates.
2. It housed a massive statue of Athena Parthenos, made of gold and ivory, created by the famous sculptor Phidias.
3. The Parthenon's architectural design exemplifies the use of optical illusions, with columns that slightly bulge in the middle (entasis) to create a more aesthetically pleasing appearance.
4. It served not only as a religious temple but also as a treasury for the Delian League, symbolizing Athenian wealth and power.
5. The Parthenon has undergone significant changes over time, including being converted into a Christian church and later an Ottoman mosque, illustrating its enduring significance through various cultures.

Review Questions

• How does the architectural design of the Parthenon reflect the cultural values of ancient Athens?
  • The architectural design of the Parthenon reflects ancient Athens' cultural values through its dedication to Athena, embodying the city's reverence for wisdom and warfare. The use of the Doric order highlights Athenian ideals of strength and simplicity, while features like entasis demonstrate a commitment to beauty and perfection. This connection between form and function showcases how Athenians viewed their city as a center of art, democracy, and religious devotion.
• Discuss the role of the Parthenon in Athenian society during its construction and its significance in later historical contexts.
  • During its construction in the 5th century BC, the Parthenon served as both a temple to Athena and a treasury for the Delian League, underscoring its importance in Athenian society as a symbol of political power and unity among Greek city-states. Over time, it transitioned into a Christian church and later an Ottoman mosque, demonstrating its adaptability and significance across different cultures. The Parthenon has become an enduring symbol of democracy and Western civilization, influencing architecture and art throughout history.
• Evaluate how the Parthenon's design elements contribute to its status as an enduring symbol of ancient Greek culture and religion.
  • The Parthenon's design elements contribute to its status as an enduring symbol by integrating innovative architectural techniques with deep religious significance. Features like its precise proportions, use of optical corrections like entasis, and elaborate sculptures tell stories about Athena's role in mythology while showcasing Athenian skill in art and engineering. As a temple dedicated to a major deity in the Olympian pantheon, it embodies the religious devotion of ancient Greeks and continues to inspire admiration for its beauty and historical importance in understanding their culture.

Related terms

Athena: The Greek goddess of wisdom, warfare, and craftsmanship, who played a crucial role in many myths and was revered as the patron deity of Athens.

Acropolis: A high, rocky outcrop above Athens that served as a religious center, housing several important temples, including the Parthenon.

Doric Order: One of the three classical orders of ancient Greek architecture characterized by simple, sturdy columns without bases and a plain capital.