Capability approach

Definition

The capability approach is a theoretical framework that focuses on what individuals are able to do and be, emphasizing the importance of personal capabilities and freedoms in assessing well-being and development. This approach shifts the focus from mere economic growth to enhancing people's actual abilities to live fulfilling lives, considering social, economic, and political factors that influence these capabilities.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The capability approach was developed by economist Amartya Sen in the late 20th century as a response to limitations in traditional economic measures like GDP.
2. This approach argues that true development should focus on improving individuals' freedoms and opportunities rather than just increasing income levels.
3. The capability approach distinguishes between 'functionings' (the various things a person may value doing or being) and 'capabilities' (the real freedoms or opportunities to achieve these functionings).
4. It highlights the importance of social arrangements and public policies in enabling or constraining individuals' capabilities.
5. Critics of the capability approach argue that it can be too broad and may lack specific guidelines for policy implementation.

Review Questions

• How does the capability approach differ from traditional economic measures when evaluating development?
  • The capability approach differs significantly from traditional economic measures like GDP because it emphasizes individual well-being and personal freedoms over purely economic growth. While GDP focuses on the total economic output of a country, the capability approach assesses what people can actually do with their lives and their opportunities for achieving fulfillment. This shift highlights the need for policies that enhance individual capabilities rather than just boosting income levels.
• Discuss how the capability approach can inform public policy decisions aimed at promoting social justice.
  • The capability approach can guide public policy decisions by prioritizing the enhancement of individuals' capabilities as a means to achieve social justice. By recognizing that different individuals face varying constraints in realizing their potential, policymakers can create targeted interventions that address specific barriers to freedom. This could include access to education, healthcare, or employment opportunities, ensuring that all individuals have a fair chance to develop their capabilities and lead fulfilling lives.
• Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the capability approach in the context of global development strategies.
  • The capability approach offers strengths such as a comprehensive view of development that includes social and political dimensions, recognizing that economic growth alone is insufficient for true progress. However, its broad nature can also be seen as a weakness, making it challenging to implement specific policies or measure outcomes effectively. In global development strategies, balancing the ideals of enhancing individual capabilities with practical application poses an ongoing challenge, requiring careful consideration of local contexts and diverse needs.

Related terms

Human Development Index (HDI): A composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

Sen's Capabilities: The ideas put forth by economist Amartya Sen regarding individual capabilities and the role they play in determining quality of life and social justice.

Social Justice: The fair distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society, often discussed in relation to the capability approach.