Summa theologica

Definition

The 'Summa Theologica' is a comprehensive theological work written by the philosopher Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century, aimed at systematically presenting the principles of Christian theology. It integrates faith and reason, addressing a wide range of topics including God, ethics, and human nature, and has become a foundational text in scholasticism and university education. This work highlights the intellectual rigor of the time, reflecting the rise of universities and the scholastic method that emphasized dialectical reasoning and debate.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The 'Summa Theologica' is divided into three main parts: the existence of God, ethical living, and Christ’s role in salvation.
2. Aquinas uses a question-and-answer format to address theological issues, which encourages deep exploration and discussion of each topic.
3. This work was intended for use in teaching at universities, helping to establish a framework for Christian philosophy and theology.
4. Aquinas synthesized elements from various philosophical traditions, including Aristotle, to argue that reason and faith are compatible.
5. The 'Summa Theologica' has influenced not only theology but also philosophy, law, and ethics throughout history, making it a vital text in Western intellectual thought.

Review Questions

• How does the structure of the 'Summa Theologica' reflect the principles of scholasticism?
  • The structure of the 'Summa Theologica' exemplifies scholasticism through its question-and-answer format, which facilitates critical analysis and dialogue. Aquinas systematically addresses various theological questions by presenting objections before offering his responses, showcasing the dialectical method that characterizes scholastic thought. This approach encourages students to engage deeply with complex ideas, allowing for a nuanced understanding of Christian doctrine.
• In what ways did Thomas Aquinas’ integration of Aristotle’s philosophy into the 'Summa Theologica' change theological discourse during the Middle Ages?
  • By integrating Aristotle’s philosophy into the 'Summa Theologica', Aquinas significantly changed theological discourse in the Middle Ages by demonstrating that reason could complement faith. He argued that truths about God and morality could be reached through rational inquiry, thereby legitimizing philosophical reasoning within Christian theology. This integration not only enriched theological discussions but also laid groundwork for future philosophical explorations in Western thought.
• Evaluate the impact of the 'Summa Theologica' on modern philosophy and ethics, considering its historical context and lasting influence.
  • The 'Summa Theologica' has had a profound impact on modern philosophy and ethics by establishing a framework where faith and reason coexist. In its historical context during the rise of universities, it paved the way for future thinkers to approach religious questions with rational analysis. Its lasting influence is evident in contemporary discussions surrounding natural law, moral philosophy, and even secular ethics, as Aquinas’ ideas continue to resonate in debates about morality's foundations and the relationship between belief systems and rational thought.

Related terms

Aquinas: Thomas Aquinas was a 13th-century philosopher and theologian known for his influential works that merged Aristotelian philosophy with Christian doctrine.

Scholasticism: A method of critical thought that dominated medieval universities, focusing on dialectical reasoning to resolve contradictions between faith and reason.

Natural Law: A moral theory that posits that human beings can discern right from wrong through reason and the nature of human existence, central to Aquinas' ethical views.