Summa Theologica

Definition

The 'Summa Theologica' is a comprehensive work of Christian theology written by St. Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century, intended to explain the principles of faith and reason. It is structured in a question-and-answer format, addressing key theological concepts and issues, making it a cornerstone of Scholastic thought. This work played a pivotal role in shaping medieval universities, where Aquinas's ideas became foundational in the study of philosophy and theology.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The 'Summa Theologica' was written between 1265 and 1274 and is divided into three parts: the first part covers God and creation, the second part focuses on human actions, and the third part discusses Christ and the sacraments.
2. Aquinas utilized Aristotelian philosophy to explain Christian doctrine, integrating reason with faith and influencing the development of Western philosophy.
3. The work addresses over 600 questions covering various topics like ethics, the existence of God, and the nature of happiness.
4. It is considered one of the most significant theological works in history and remains influential in both Catholic education and broader philosophical discussions.
5. The 'Summa' was originally intended as a teaching tool for students in medieval universities and was used as a standard text in theology courses for centuries.

Review Questions

• How did the structure of the 'Summa Theologica' reflect the methods used in medieval universities?
  • The structure of the 'Summa Theologica,' which presents questions followed by objections and replies, mirrors the dialectical method central to teaching in medieval universities. This format encourages critical thinking and debate among students, allowing them to engage with complex theological issues. By employing this method, Aquinas facilitated a deeper understanding of faith and reason, essential components of Scholasticism.
• Discuss the impact of St. Thomas Aquinas's integration of Aristotelian philosophy into the 'Summa Theologica' on medieval thought.
  • St. Thomas Aquinas's integration of Aristotelian philosophy into the 'Summa Theologica' significantly shaped medieval thought by bridging the gap between faith and reason. His approach provided a philosophical foundation for understanding Christian doctrine, allowing for a more rational exploration of theology. This synthesis not only influenced subsequent theologians but also established a framework that encouraged intellectual inquiry within medieval universities, marking a shift towards a more systematic study of philosophy.
• Evaluate the lasting significance of the 'Summa Theologica' in contemporary discussions about faith and reason.
  • The lasting significance of the 'Summa Theologica' lies in its profound influence on contemporary discussions about faith and reason. Aquinas's arguments continue to resonate in modern theological debates, emphasizing that faith can coexist with rational inquiry. Scholars today still reference his work when addressing ethical dilemmas or existential questions, illustrating how his exploration of theological concepts remains relevant in an increasingly complex world where faith must often navigate alongside reason.

Related terms

Scholasticism: A method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics ('schoolmen') of medieval universities in Europe, emphasizing dialectical reasoning.

Aquinas: St. Thomas Aquinas was a 13th-century theologian and philosopher whose works, especially the 'Summa Theologica,' are key to understanding medieval Christian thought.

Metaphysics: A branch of philosophy that investigates principles of reality, including concepts such as being, existence, and the nature of objects beyond the physical realm.