Ii-v-i progression

Definition

The ii-v-i progression is a common chord sequence in music that moves from the supertonic seventh chord (ii), to the dominant seventh chord (v), and resolves to the tonic chord (i). This progression is a fundamental part of Western tonal music, particularly in jazz and classical styles, providing a sense of movement and resolution that is vital for harmonic structure.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. In a major key, the ii chord is typically a minor seventh chord, while the v chord is a dominant seventh chord, and the i chord is a major triad.
2. The ii-v-i progression is often used in jazz standards, creating a smooth transition between chords that enhances improvisation.
3. In minor keys, the ii chord can become diminished or minor with a flattened fifth, leading to unique harmonic variations.
4. The ii-v-i progression can be extended with additional chords, such as ii7-V7-ii7-i, adding more richness and complexity.
5. This progression serves as a fundamental building block for many songs, showcasing the relationship between tension (v) and resolution (i).

Review Questions

• How does the ii-v-i progression create movement within a piece of music?
  • The ii-v-i progression creates movement by establishing tension and resolution through its structure. The ii chord sets up a feeling of anticipation, while the v chord heightens this tension before finally resolving to the i chord. This flow from tension to release is essential in tonal music and helps guide listeners through musical phrases.
• Discuss how the ii-v-i progression differs in major and minor keys, specifically regarding the types of seventh chords used.
  • In major keys, the ii chord is typically a minor seventh chord (e.g., Dm7 in C major), while the v chord is a dominant seventh (e.g., G7). In minor keys, however, the ii chord often becomes diminished or minor with a flat fifth (e.g., Ddim7 in A minor), which creates distinct harmonic colors. These differences shape how composers and musicians approach progressions in varying contexts.
• Evaluate the role of the ii-v-i progression in jazz improvisation and composition.
  • The ii-v-i progression plays a crucial role in jazz improvisation and composition by serving as a foundational sequence around which musicians build their solos. It allows for fluid transitions and creates opportunities for tension and resolution, essential for engaging improvisational dialogue. Musicians often explore variations and extensions of this progression to develop unique phrases, highlighting its significance in jazz harmony.

Related terms

Seventh Chord: A chord that consists of a root note, third, fifth, and seventh, adding depth and complexity to harmonies.

Tonic: The first degree of the scale, serving as the home base of a key, where musical phrases often resolve.

Dominant Function: The role of the dominant chord in creating tension that leads to resolution in the tonic chord.