Ii-v-i progression

Definition

The ii-v-i progression is a common chord sequence in Western music that typically consists of a minor chord built on the second degree (ii), followed by a dominant chord on the fifth degree (v), and resolving to a major chord on the first degree (I). This progression is particularly significant in jazz and classical music as it creates a strong sense of movement and resolution, serving as a foundation for many compositions.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The ii-v-i progression is foundational in jazz, allowing for complex improvisation and variations while maintaining harmonic stability.
2. In classical music, the ii-v-i progression often appears in cadences, enhancing the emotional impact of resolutions.
3. Variations of the ii-v-i can include altered chords or additional extensions like 7ths, 9ths, and more, which add richness to the harmony.
4. The ii chord is typically a minor seventh chord, while the v chord is often a dominant seventh chord, leading smoothly into the I major chord.
5. This progression emphasizes functional harmony by highlighting the relationships between chords within a key, making it essential for both songwriters and performers.

Review Questions

• How does the ii-v-i progression contribute to improvisation in jazz music?
  • The ii-v-i progression serves as a vital framework for improvisation in jazz because it establishes clear tonal centers and resolutions. Jazz musicians often use this progression to create complex melodies and variations, exploring different scales and modes over the changes. By understanding this common harmonic structure, musicians can effectively communicate and collaborate during performances, enhancing the overall musical experience.
• Discuss how the ii-v-i progression functions in classical cadences and its impact on musical resolutions.
  • In classical music, the ii-v-i progression plays a crucial role in cadences, where it helps create strong moments of resolution. The tension generated by the dominant v chord resolves satisfyingly to the tonic I chord, often providing a sense of closure at the end of phrases or sections. This harmonic relationship enhances emotional expression within a composition, allowing composers to manipulate expectations and deliver impactful resolutions.
• Evaluate the significance of the ii-v-i progression in contemporary songwriting across various genres.
  • The ii-v-i progression is significant in contemporary songwriting as it provides a familiar yet versatile framework that transcends genres. Artists in pop, rock, and R&B frequently incorporate this progression for its inherent ability to evoke emotion and tension. By adapting this traditional harmonic structure with modern elements like varying rhythms or unique instrumentation, songwriters can create innovative pieces that resonate with audiences while still adhering to time-tested musical principles.

Related terms

Chord Progression: A sequence of chords played in succession that forms the harmonic backbone of a piece of music.

Tonic: The first degree of the scale, which serves as the home base or final resolution point in tonal music.

Dominant Chord: The fifth chord in a key, often creating tension that seeks resolution to the tonic.