Ii-v-i progression

Definition

The ii-v-i progression is a common chord sequence in tonal music, where the ii chord (supertonic) resolves to the v chord (dominant) and finally to the i chord (tonic). This progression creates a strong sense of movement and resolution, often used in various styles, particularly in jazz and classical music. Understanding this progression is crucial for identifying chord qualities, working with extended and altered chords, analyzing seventh chords and their inversions, and recognizing triads and their inversions.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The ii chord is typically a minor chord built on the second degree of the scale, while the v chord is usually a dominant seventh chord built on the fifth degree, leading to a major tonic triad.
2. This progression is widely used in jazz standards where musicians often embellish it with extensions like 9ths, 11ths, and 13ths for added harmonic richness.
3. The ii-v-i progression can be transposed to any key, making it a versatile tool for composers and improvisers alike.
4. In classical music, this progression often appears in cadences that signal the end of phrases or sections.
5. Recognizing inversions within this progression allows for smoother voice leading and more interesting harmonic movement.

Review Questions

• How does understanding the ii-v-i progression enhance your ability to identify different chord qualities?
  • Understanding the ii-v-i progression helps to identify different chord qualities because it requires knowledge of the specific chords involved. The ii chord is a minor chord, while the v chord is typically a dominant seventh chord. By recognizing these qualities within the context of this progression, one can better analyze and differentiate between major and minor tonalities as well as altered versions that may appear in various musical settings.
• Discuss how extended chords fit into the ii-v-i progression and why they are significant in jazz.
  • Extended chords play a vital role in the ii-v-i progression by adding complexity and depth to the harmony. In jazz, musicians often incorporate extensions such as 9ths or 13ths on the ii or v chords to create richer textures and colors. This practice not only enhances improvisational possibilities but also creates more interesting resolutions when transitioning to the tonic i chord. The use of these extended chords makes performances more engaging and dynamic.
• Evaluate the impact of using inversions within the ii-v-i progression on overall harmonic movement.
  • Using inversions within the ii-v-i progression significantly impacts harmonic movement by facilitating smoother transitions between chords. Inversions allow for less drastic jumps in bass notes, resulting in more fluid voice leading. This technique helps maintain melodic interest while providing a cohesive sound throughout a piece. Additionally, analyzing how inversions affect each chord's resolution within this common progression can deepen understanding of compositional techniques and enhance overall musical expression.

Related terms

Chord Quality: The characteristic sound of a chord, determined by the intervals between its notes, such as major, minor, augmented, or diminished.

Seventh Chord:

A four-note chord formed by adding a third on top of a triad, typically including the root, third, fifth, and seventh degrees of the scale.

Inversion:

A rearrangement of the notes in a chord so that a note other than the root is in the bass position.