Achilles

Definition

Achilles is a central character in Greek mythology, particularly known as the greatest warrior of the Trojan War and a key figure in Homer's epic poems. He embodies the ideals of heroism and martial prowess, but also reflects the complexity of human emotions, including rage, pride, and vulnerability. His story highlights themes of honor, fate, and the consequences of personal choices, making him a quintessential hero in ancient literature.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Achilles is often depicted as invincible except for his heel, which ultimately leads to his downfall and gives rise to the term 'Achilles' heel', symbolizing a critical vulnerability.
2. His conflict with Agamemnon over the prize of Briseis illustrates themes of honor and pride, central to the narrative of the Iliad.
3. Achilles' withdrawal from battle due to his anger profoundly impacts the course of the Trojan War, showcasing how personal emotions can influence broader events.
4. The character of Achilles is often viewed as a tragic hero, facing dilemmas between personal glory and loyalty to comrades.
5. His relationship with Patroclus highlights themes of friendship and loss, as Patroclus’ death propels Achilles back into battle with devastating consequences.

Review Questions

• How does Achilles' character illustrate the complexities of heroism in Greek mythology?
  • Achilles embodies both the physical prowess and heroic ideals expected of Greek heroes, yet he also demonstrates deep emotional struggles such as rage and pride. His withdrawal from battle over a personal insult showcases how personal feelings can intertwine with heroic actions. This complexity makes him not just a warrior but a nuanced character reflecting the multifaceted nature of heroism.
• Discuss the significance of Achilles' relationship with Agamemnon and how it drives the plot of the Iliad.
  • The conflict between Achilles and Agamemnon serves as a critical catalyst for the events in the Iliad. When Agamemnon takes Briseis from Achilles as punishment for his own pride, it triggers Achilles' wrath and withdrawal from battle. This personal dispute not only affects their relationship but also has dire consequences for the Greek forces in the Trojan War, emphasizing how individual conflicts can have far-reaching implications in epic narratives.
• Evaluate how Achilles’ story reflects broader themes of fate and free will within ancient Greek literature.
  • Achilles' narrative explores the tension between fate and free will, particularly in his foreseen destiny to die young but achieve eternal glory. Despite his immense power and skill as a warrior, he cannot escape his fate, which raises questions about human agency in a world governed by divine forces. This struggle illustrates a core theme in ancient Greek literature: that while individuals may strive for glory through their choices, they are ultimately subject to a predetermined fate that shapes their lives.

Related terms

Hector: Hector is a Trojan prince and the greatest warrior for Troy in the Iliad, known for his noble character and tragic fate during the war.

Thetis: Thetis is Achilles' mother, a sea goddess who plays a significant role in his life and fate, highlighting themes of divine intervention.

Iliad:

The Iliad is an ancient Greek epic poem attributed to Homer that chronicles events during the Trojan War, focusing on Achilles' anger and its consequences.