Achilles

Definition

Achilles is a legendary Greek hero and the central character in Homer's epic poem, the Iliad. Renowned for his unmatched prowess in battle and his near invincibility, Achilles embodies the quintessential traits of a heroic figure, including courage, strength, and a fierce loyalty to his comrades. His story is intricately tied to significant mythological events, most notably the Trojan War, where his actions and personal conflicts play a pivotal role in the unfolding of this major mythological cycle.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Achilles is famously known for his 'Achilles' heel,' which represents his only vulnerability, stemming from his mother dipping him in the River Styx as an infant.
2. His conflict with Agamemnon over the war prize Briseis illustrates themes of honor and pride within the warrior culture of ancient Greece.
3. Achilles' withdrawal from battle due to his anger significantly impacts the course of the Trojan War, leading to devastating losses for the Greeks.
4. The relationship between Achilles and Patroclus is central to the narrative, emphasizing themes of love, loss, and the consequences of vengeance.
5. Achilles' fate is foretold: he can either live a long but unremarkable life or achieve everlasting glory by dying young in battle, showcasing the heroic code of ancient Greece.

Review Questions

• How does Achilles' character represent the ideals and values of Greek heroism?
  • Achilles exemplifies Greek heroism through his unmatched combat skills and fierce loyalty to his friends. His anger and desire for honor reflect the importance of personal glory in ancient Greek culture. However, his eventual vulnerability—symbolized by his heel—adds depth to his character by illustrating that even the greatest heroes have weaknesses, emphasizing that heroism is often intertwined with personal sacrifice and tragic flaws.
• Analyze the impact of Achilles’ withdrawal from battle on the events of the Trojan War as depicted in the Iliad.
  • Achilles' decision to withdraw from battle after a dispute with Agamemnon leads to severe consequences for the Greek forces. Without their strongest warrior, they suffer significant losses against the Trojans. This act not only shifts the tide of war but also highlights themes of pride and honor as Achilles grapples with his sense of justice. Ultimately, it underscores how individual choices can have monumental impacts on larger historical narratives.
• Evaluate how Achilles' relationships with other characters, particularly Patroclus and Hector, shape his narrative and illustrate broader themes within Greek mythology.
  • Achilles’ relationships profoundly influence his motivations and actions throughout the Iliad. His bond with Patroclus demonstrates deep loyalty and love, while Patroclus’ death propels Achilles into a rage that leads to Hector's downfall. This relationship emphasizes themes of friendship and vengeance. Additionally, Hector serves as a foil to Achilles; both are great warriors with differing values—honor versus duty—which enriches the narrative by exploring contrasting perspectives on heroism and mortality in Greek mythology.

Related terms

Hector:

Hector is a Trojan prince and the greatest warrior for Troy in the Iliad, known for his noble character and tragic fate at the hands of Achilles.

Patroclus:

Patroclus is Achilles' closest companion whose death at the hands of Hector spurs Achilles into battle, highlighting themes of friendship and vengeance.

Thetis: Thetis is Achilles' mother, a sea nymph who plays a crucial role in his life, including seeking divine intervention during the Trojan War.