The Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is a monumental temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, built on the Acropolis of Athens during the 5th century BCE. This iconic structure exemplifies the ideals of Classical Greek art and architecture, reflecting the cultural and religious significance of Athens at its zenith, while also influencing later artistic movements and architectural designs.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Parthenon was constructed between 447 and 432 BCE, during the height of Athenian power following the Persian Wars.
2. It was designed by architects Iktinos and Kallikrates and features a mix of Doric and Ionic architectural elements.
3. The Parthenon's sculptures, known as the Elgin Marbles, originally adorned its frieze and pediments, depicting various mythological scenes and historical events.
4. The temple was primarily used for religious purposes, particularly as a treasury for the Delian League, a coalition of Greek city-states led by Athens.
5. Despite suffering damage from wars and neglect over the centuries, the Parthenon remains a symbol of Ancient Greece's cultural legacy and democratic ideals.

Review Questions

• How does the architectural style of the Parthenon reflect the values of Classical Greek society?
  • The Parthenon embodies the values of harmony, proportion, and beauty that were central to Classical Greek society. Its use of the Doric Order reflects strength and simplicity, while its detailed sculptures illustrate human achievement and divine mythology. The careful proportions and alignment with natural light demonstrate an understanding of aesthetics that underscores their pursuit of knowledge and perfection in art and architecture.
• Discuss the role of Phidias in relation to the Parthenon and its artistic contributions.
  • Phidias was pivotal in shaping the artistic vision for the Parthenon. He not only designed the monumental statue of Athena that resided within the temple but also oversaw its intricate sculptures. His influence ensured that the Parthenon's decorations communicated powerful narratives about Athenian identity and glory, making it an enduring symbol of their cultural achievements.
• Evaluate how the Parthenon's preservation and legacy have influenced modern perceptions of democracy and art.
  • The preservation of the Parthenon has had a profound impact on how democracy and art are viewed today. As a symbol of Athenian democracy, it represents ideals such as civic responsibility and cultural achievement. Additionally, its architectural innovations have inspired countless buildings worldwide, reinforcing its status as a benchmark for beauty and functionality. The ongoing discussions about its restoration highlight contemporary values related to heritage conservation, further connecting it to modern democratic discourse.

Related terms

Doric Order: The simplest and most sturdy of the classical architectural styles, characterized by fluted columns with a plain capital, used extensively in the construction of the Parthenon.

Phidias: A renowned sculptor of Ancient Greece, credited with designing the statue of Athena that stood inside the Parthenon and overseeing its artistic decorations.

Acropolis: An ancient citadel located on a high rocky outcrop above Athens, which includes several significant buildings, including the Parthenon, symbolizing the power and culture of Classical Athens.