The Parthenon

Definition

The Parthenon is an ancient temple located on the Acropolis of Athens, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patroness. This iconic structure exemplifies the principles of Classical Greek architecture, showcasing the use of Doric columns and a harmonious blend of art and mathematics. It serves as a symbol of the cultural and political achievements of Athens during its Golden Age, reflecting the ideals of beauty, order, and democracy that defined this era.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Parthenon was built between 447 and 432 BCE during the leadership of Pericles as part of a larger rebuilding project on the Acropolis after the Persian Wars.
2. The temple housed a large statue of Athena Parthenos, made of ivory and gold, which was about 40 feet tall and considered one of the greatest achievements of ancient sculpture.
3. The Parthenon is renowned for its architectural refinements, such as slight curvature in the columns and a unique optical illusion known as entasis that creates a sense of perfection.
4. In addition to its religious function, the Parthenon also served as a symbol of Athenian democracy and power, representing the city-state's cultural superiority in the ancient world.
5. Over centuries, the Parthenon has undergone numerous transformations, including serving as a Christian church and later as a mosque, before eventually becoming a major archaeological site.

Review Questions

• How does the architectural design of the Parthenon reflect Classical Greek ideals?
  • The architectural design of the Parthenon embodies Classical Greek ideals through its use of symmetry, proportion, and harmony. The Doric columns are not only functional but also symbolize strength and simplicity. The careful calculations involved in its design, such as the slight curvature of the columns and entasis, showcase an understanding of aesthetics that enhances its visual appeal. This approach reflects the broader cultural values of order and beauty in ancient Greece.
• Discuss the significance of Athena as a central figure represented in the Parthenon and how this relates to Athenian identity.
  • Athena's representation in the Parthenon is deeply significant to Athenian identity, as she was not only their patron goddess but also a symbol of wisdom and warfare. The massive statue of Athena Parthenos inside the temple exemplified Athenian values such as civic pride and cultural achievement. By dedicating this grand structure to Athena, Athenians reinforced their connection to divine favor and legitimized their political power during a time when they were at the height of their influence in the Mediterranean world.
• Evaluate how the historical transformations of the Parthenon reflect broader changes in societal values from ancient Greece to modern times.
  • The historical transformations of the Parthenon illustrate significant shifts in societal values from ancient Greece to modern times. Originally built as a temple dedicated to Athena, it transitioned into a Christian church and later a mosque, reflecting changes in religious beliefs and political power over centuries. These adaptations show how monuments can be repurposed to align with prevailing ideologies. Today, it stands as an archaeological site symbolizing cultural heritage and democracy, showcasing an enduring legacy that resonates with contemporary values concerning art, history, and identity.

Related terms

Doric Order: One of the three classical orders of ancient Greek architecture characterized by sturdy, fluted columns with a simple capital.

Acropolis: A prominent hill in Athens that served as the center for ancient Greek religious and civic life, home to several significant temples including the Parthenon.

Phidias: An ancient Greek sculptor who is attributed with overseeing the construction of the Parthenon and creating its massive statue of Athena.