14.2 Architecture: construction methods and materials
3 min read•august 5, 2024
Greek architecture was all about precision and beauty. Temples had key parts like columns, central rooms, and fancy horizontal structures on top. They used clever tricks to make buildings look perfect and last forever.
The Greeks were master builders. They cut stones super accurately, used and to hold things together, and even made columns slightly curved. They picked tough materials like and used special mortar to make their buildings super strong.
Architectural Elements
Key Components of Greek Temples
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Top images from around the web for Key Components of Greek Temples
Temple of Athena Nike – Exploring Architecture and Landscape Architecture View original
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Ancient Greek temples (schematic plans) - Wikimedia Commons View original
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- : Continuous colonnade that surrounds the exterior of a Greek temple, typically consisting of a single row of columns
- : Central chamber of a Greek temple that housed the cult statue of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated
- Often divided into a (main room) and a (front porch)
- In larger temples, the cella could also include an (rear porch)
- : Horizontal structure that rests on the columns, consisting of the architrave (lowest part), frieze (middle part), and cornice (top part)
- Architrave: Lowest part of the entablature, a beam that spans the space between columns
- Frieze: Middle part of the entablature, often decorated with sculptural reliefs ()
- Cornice: Topmost part of the entablature, projecting outward to protect the lower parts from rain
Foundation and Platform
- : Lowest step of the platform on which a Greek temple stands, typically made of stone blocks
- Provides a stable foundation for the temple structure
- Often wider than the temple itself, creating a platform around the building
- : Upper step of the platform, directly beneath the columns
- Serves as a base for the columns and helps to distribute their weight evenly
- In some cases, the stylobate was slightly curved to correct for optical illusions (Parthenon)
Construction Techniques
Masonry and Stone Shaping
- : Technique of using precisely cut stone blocks with smooth, even faces and square edges
- Blocks are laid in horizontal courses without mortar, relying on precise fitting for stability
- Allows for the creation of strong, durable structures with a refined appearance (Parthenon)
- : Method of dressing the edges of stone blocks to ensure a tight, precise fit
- Involves creating a smooth, raised border around the edges of the block, with a slightly recessed center
- When two blocks are placed together, the raised borders create a tight seal, while the recessed centers prevent the blocks from grinding against each other
Architectural Refinements
- : Slight convex curvature applied to the profile of a shaft
- Counteracts the optical illusion of concavity that can occur in straight-sided columns
- Creates a more visually harmonious and dynamic appearance (Parthenon)
- Wooden dowels: Used to secure stone blocks together and prevent shifting
- Cylindrical pieces of wood inserted into corresponding holes drilled in adjacent blocks
- As the wood absorbs moisture, it expands, creating a tight, secure connection
- Iron clamps: Used to reinforce the connections between stone blocks, especially in areas subject to tension
- Typically H-shaped or U-shaped, with the ends inserted into channels cut into the blocks
- Poured with molten lead to secure them in place and prevent corrosion (Parthenon)
Building Materials
Primary Stone Types
- Travertine: A type of formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate from hot springs or groundwater
- Characterized by its porous, layered appearance and warm, light colors (ranging from white to pale yellow or gray)
- Used extensively in Greek architecture due to its abundance, ease of cutting and shaping, and attractive appearance (Temple of Apollo at Corinth)
- : A binding material made by mixing slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) with water and sand
- Used to join stone blocks together and fill gaps in masonry construction
- Hardens through a process of carbonation, as the lime reacts with carbon dioxide in the air to form calcium carbonate
- Provides a strong, durable bond that can withstand weathering and structural stresses (Temple of Athena Nike)
Key Terms to Review (36)
Acropolis: An acropolis is a high, fortified area within a city, typically serving as a religious and cultural center. In ancient Greece, the most famous example is the Acropolis of Athens, which was home to important temples and structures that symbolized the city's power and religious devotion.
Agora: The agora was a central public space in ancient Greek city-states, serving as a marketplace and a hub for social, political, and cultural activities. This open area was vital for the development of civic life, reflecting innovations in construction techniques, architectural design, and the relationship between democracy and artistic production.
Anathyrosis: Anathyrosis refers to a construction technique used in ancient Greek architecture where stones are carefully fitted together without the use of mortar, creating a precise joint that allows for stability and strength. This method reflects a deep understanding of materials and craftsmanship, showcasing innovations in both construction techniques and the use of durable materials, contributing to the longevity of structures.
Ashlar masonry: Ashlar masonry is a construction technique that involves using finely dressed and cut stones, typically of uniform size, which are laid in a precise manner to create strong and visually appealing structures. This method allows for greater structural integrity and aesthetic appeal compared to rough or irregular stonework, making it a significant innovation in the building practices of ancient civilizations. The use of ashlar masonry also reflects advancements in tools and techniques that enhanced the craftsmanship of ancient builders.
Callicrates: Callicrates was an ancient Greek architect renowned for his significant contributions to classical architecture, particularly as one of the principal designers of the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens. His work exemplified the harmonious balance and proportionality that defined the architectural achievements of this period, making him a key figure in the development of Greek architectural design.
Cella: The cella is the inner chamber of a temple, which houses the cult statue of the deity to whom the temple is dedicated. This sacred space served as the focal point for worship and ritual, connecting architectural design and religious practices in ancient Greek culture. The design of the cella not only reflects advancements in architectural innovation but also illustrates the importance of gods and heroes within Greek art and society.
Classical architecture: Classical architecture refers to the architectural style that originated in ancient Greece and Rome, characterized by its use of columns, symmetry, and proportion. This style emphasizes harmony and order, often using distinct orders like Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, which contribute to its aesthetic appeal and functional design. The principles of classical architecture greatly influenced later architectural movements and are foundational in the study of Western architecture.
Column: A column is a vertical structural element that is used to support a load, often seen in architecture. In Ancient Greece, columns were not only functional but also decorative, showcasing distinct styles such as Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, each with unique proportions and ornamentation. The design of columns greatly influenced architectural innovations and construction methods, providing both stability and aesthetic appeal.
Corinthian Order: The Corinthian order is the most ornate of the classical Greek architectural orders, characterized by its slender columns and elaborate capitals adorned with acanthus leaves and scrolls. This style emerged in the late Classical period and became a hallmark of Hellenistic architecture, symbolizing innovation in both decorative design and structural elegance.
Doric Order: The Doric Order is one of the classical orders of ancient Greek architecture, characterized by its sturdy, simple columns and lack of elaborate decoration. It reflects the values of strength and functionality in Classical Greek art and architecture, serving as a foundational style for many significant structures.
Entablature: An entablature is a horizontal structure that rests on columns and consists of three main parts: the architrave, frieze, and cornice. It serves not only as a decorative element but also as a structural component in classical architecture, particularly in the Doric and Ionic orders, linking the columnar support to the roof or upper stories of a building.
Entasis: Entasis is a subtle curvature applied to columns or other vertical elements in architecture, primarily used to correct the optical illusion of concavity that can occur in straight columns. This design technique enhances the aesthetic appeal of buildings and reflects the Greeks' deep understanding of geometry and perception in their architectural innovations.
Hellenistic Architecture: Hellenistic architecture refers to the style of architecture that emerged during the Hellenistic period (approximately 323-31 B.C.) following the conquests of Alexander the Great. This style is characterized by grand and monumental structures, innovative engineering techniques, and a fusion of different cultural influences, particularly from Greece, Egypt, and Persia. It reflects a shift towards more dramatic and expressive designs compared to earlier periods, incorporating elements such as open-air theaters, expansive temples, and complex urban planning.
Ictinus: Ictinus was an ancient Greek architect, best known for his work on the Parthenon in Athens, which is one of the most significant monuments of Classical architecture. His designs and innovations contributed greatly to the architectural style of the time, influencing not only the Parthenon but also later structures and architectural orders.
Ionic order: Ionic order is one of the classical styles of ancient Greek architecture, characterized by its slender columns and elaborate capitals adorned with scroll-like volutes. This architectural style showcases a sense of elegance and sophistication, reflecting the advancements in design and construction during its time. Ionic order is particularly known for its decorative elements and the use of proportions that convey harmony and balance.
Iron clamps: Iron clamps are metal fasteners used in construction to secure and hold materials together, particularly stone blocks in ancient architecture. These clamps played a crucial role in enhancing the stability and durability of structures, allowing builders to connect large stones more effectively. They were often used alongside other methods like mortar and dowels to ensure that monumental buildings could withstand the test of time.
Lime mortar: Lime mortar is a type of building material made from a mixture of lime, water, and aggregate, such as sand. It has been used in construction since ancient times and was particularly prominent in the architecture of Ancient Greece due to its strong binding properties and flexibility. This material allowed for durable structures that could withstand the test of time, while also being able to accommodate slight movements without cracking, making it essential in the construction methods of the era.
Limestone: Limestone is a sedimentary rock primarily composed of calcium carbonate, often formed from the accumulation of organic remains like shells and coral. Its versatility and ease of manipulation made it a key material in ancient construction, influencing various architectural innovations and projects, as well as different styles, such as the Corinthian order.
Marble: Marble is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of calcite or dolomite, widely used in ancient Greek sculpture and architecture due to its fine grain and ability to hold intricate details. Its aesthetic qualities and durability made it a preferred material for creating lifelike sculptures and magnificent structures.
Naos: The naos, or cella, is the inner chamber of a temple in ancient Greek architecture, where the cult statue of the deity was housed. This central space served as the focal point for worship and ritual, representing both the physical and spiritual heart of the temple structure. The design and size of the naos evolved over time, reflecting innovations in architectural techniques and the growing importance of temples in religious practices.
Opisthodomos: Opisthodomos refers to the rear room of a classical Greek temple, typically situated behind the main cella or sanctuary. This space served various functions, including storage for valuable offerings and sometimes housed cult images. The design of the opisthodomos is integral to understanding the architectural style and religious practices in ancient Greek temples.
Parthenon: The Parthenon is a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis dedicated to the goddess Athena, constructed between 447 and 432 B.C. It stands as a prime example of Classical Greek architecture and embodies key features of the Doric and Ionic orders, reflecting the artistic innovations and cultural values of ancient Greece during its height.
Pediment: A pediment is the triangular section at the top of a building, typically seen in classical architecture, especially above doors and windows. It often features decorative elements and sculptures that represent mythological or historical themes, contributing to the building's overall aesthetic and symbolic significance.
Peristyle: A peristyle is a columned porch or a continuous row of columns surrounding a building or courtyard, commonly seen in Ancient Greek architecture. This architectural feature not only enhances the aesthetic appeal of structures but also serves as a functional element, providing shade and transition from the exterior to the interior space. Its use represents significant innovations in architectural design and engineering, showcasing the mastery of construction methods and materials, particularly in temple architecture.
Post-and-lintel construction: Post-and-lintel construction is a building technique that involves placing horizontal beams (lintels) on vertical supports (posts), creating a stable and functional architectural framework. This method allows for the creation of large open spaces and is foundational to many ancient structures, reflecting innovations in architectural design and the spread of Greek architecture across different regions.
Pronaos: The pronaos is the entrance or front part of a classical temple, situated between the outer columns and the inner sanctuary (naos). It serves as a transitional space that connects the outside world with the sacred area of the temple, often featuring decorative elements and architectural innovations that enhance its significance. The design and function of the pronaos evolved over time, reflecting changes in architectural styles and religious practices in ancient Greece.
Proportion: Proportion in ancient Greek art and architecture refers to the harmonious relationship between different elements, especially in terms of size and scale. This concept is crucial for achieving balance and aesthetic appeal in structures and sculptures, allowing artists and architects to create visually pleasing works that resonate with ideals of beauty and order.
Stereobate: A stereobate is the solid base or platform on which a temple or building is constructed, often consisting of a series of steps or a raised foundation. This foundational structure plays a crucial role in elevating the building, providing stability and an impressive visual presence, while also being integral to the architectural harmony and aesthetics of ancient Greek structures.
Stoa: A stoa is a covered walkway or portico commonly found in ancient Greek architecture, often supported by columns and used as a public space for gatherings, shopping, and philosophical discussions. It was an important architectural feature in city planning, providing both functionality and aesthetic appeal, and served as a social hub in ancient Greek life.
Stylobate: A stylobate is the uppermost step of a temple or building, serving as the foundation for the columns above. It plays a crucial role in classical architecture by providing a level surface for the columns and ensuring that the structure maintains a sense of proportion and harmony. This architectural element is especially significant in both the Doric and Ionic orders, as it influences the overall aesthetics and stability of temple designs.
Symmetry: Symmetry refers to a balanced and proportional arrangement of elements within a composition, where parts are arranged in a way that creates harmony and visual equilibrium. In ancient Greek art and architecture, symmetry was seen as a reflection of order and beauty, influencing design choices in buildings, sculptures, and artistic representations.
Temple of Hephaestus: The Temple of Hephaestus, also known as the Theseion, is an ancient Greek temple dedicated to Hephaestus, the god of fire and craftsmanship, and Athena Ergane, the goddess of wisdom and crafts. This well-preserved structure showcases the Doric architectural style and serves as a significant example of classical temple design, reflecting key developments in Greek architecture, innovative construction techniques, and patronage practices during its time.
Terracotta: Terracotta is a type of fired clay used extensively in ancient art and architecture, known for its durability and versatility. It can be molded into various shapes and sizes, allowing for intricate designs in sculptures, pottery, and architectural elements. This material was crucial for both decorative and functional purposes across different mediums.
Trabeation: Trabeation refers to a construction method that uses horizontal beams (lintels) supported by vertical columns or posts. This system forms the basic framework for structures, enabling the creation of open spaces while distributing weight effectively. Trabeation is essential in understanding the design and structural stability of ancient architecture, particularly in its aesthetic and functional roles.
Travertine: Travertine is a sedimentary rock formed from mineral deposits, primarily calcium carbonate, that are precipitated from mineral springs or hot springs. This material has been widely used in construction due to its aesthetic appeal and durability, making it a popular choice for various architectural elements in ancient structures.
Wooden dowels: Wooden dowels are cylindrical rods made of wood that are used as structural elements in construction, particularly in joining and reinforcing various architectural components. They play a significant role in creating strong connections between materials, enhancing the stability and integrity of wooden structures by preventing movement and providing additional support.