⭐ Imperialism from 1750 to 1900 was driven by European and Japanese desires for expansion and control over foreign territories. This was fueled by a mix of nationalist motives, cultural and religious ideologies, economic interests, and a belief in racial superiority. Nations like Britain, France, Japan, and others aggressively expanded their empires, leading to significant global political and cultural changes.

Key Timeline

Key Timeline of Imperialism (1750-1900): Pivotal events marking the rise of global empires and the reshaping of world politics

Image Courtesy of Nora Anzer

Things to Know

Racial Ideologies and the Misuse of Science

Beliefs in racial superiority were supported by pseudoscientific theories like Social Darwinism and phrenology.
These ideologies were used to justify the subjugation of non-European peoples, creating a global racial hierarchy.

Economic Motivations and Industrial Revolution

The demand for raw materials and new markets, driven by the Industrial Revolution, was a key factor behind imperial expansion.
European powers and Japan exploited colonized territories for economic gain, integrating these regions into global trade and economy.

Impact on Colonized Regions and Global Consequences

Imperialism dramatically altered the political, social, and economic structures of colonized countries.
The effects included redrawing of global boundaries, reshuffling of populations, and cultural assimilation.
The rivalries among imperial powers contributed to global conflicts, leading to the World Wars.

Technological and Military Advancements

European powers utilized technological advancements, like steamships and telegraphs, to control and administer their empires.
Superior military technology, including advanced firearms and naval ships, played a critical role in the success of imperial conquests.

Legacy and Post-Colonial Impact

The legacy of imperialism is still evident today in global political, economic, and cultural relationships.
Former colonies grappled with issues of political stability, economic development, and cultural identity post-independence.
The drawing of arbitrary political boundaries during colonization has led to ongoing conflicts in many regions.

Nationalist Motives and Global Dominance

The 19th century saw a rise in nationalism among European powers and Japan, leading to aggressive expansionist policies.
Key events such as the Battle of Plassey and the Sepoy Mutiny marked the solidification of British control in India.
The Franco-Prussian War spurred France to expand its colonies as a means of restoring national pride after defeat.
The Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) resulted in Japanese control over Korea and Taiwan, signaling Japan's emergence as an imperial power.
The Scramble for Africa in the late 1800s epitomized the peak of European imperial competition, as various powers carved up the African continent without regard to indigenous populations.

Cultural and Religious Justifications

Western countries often justified imperialism as a "civilizing mission," citing cultural and religious superiority.
Imperial powers imposed their languages and cultures on colonies, often combining diverse groups under a single administrative order.
Missionaries and religious institutions played a crucial role in the imperialist agenda, with figures like David Livingstone campaigning against the slave trade while promoting Christianity.

Territorial Expansions of Britain and France

British Territories:
- India: Control began with the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and was solidified by the suppression of the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857.
- Australia: British colonization commenced in 1788 with the establishment of a penal colony in New South Wales.
- Other Territories: During the 19th century, Britain also controlled regions including Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar), the Malay States (including Singapore), parts of Borneo in Southeast Asia, and numerous territories in Africa as part of the Scramble for Africa.
French Territories:
- Post-Franco-Prussian War Expansion: France occupied Algeria in Northern Africa and expanded into West and Central Africa, including Senegal.
- Southeast Asia: France established control over Indochina, which included modern-day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.
- Pacific Colonies: Included territories such as New Caledonia and various islands in the South Pacific.

Terms to Remember

Term	Definition + Significance
Imperialism	The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.
Nationalism	A strong identification with and devotion to one's nation, often leading to a desire for an increased role on the world stage.
Social Darwinism	A theory applying 'survival of the fittest' from biological evolution to social, political, and economic issues, often to justify imperialism and racial hierarchies.
Colonialism	The practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
Rudyard Kipling	An English writer whose poem "The White Man’s Burden" became associated with the imperialist belief that Western nations had a duty to civilize other parts of the world.
European Nationalism	The expansion of European influence and control into other parts of the world, often as a means to compensate for losses or assert dominance, as seen with Britain and France.
Colonial Powers	European nations like Britain and France that established colonies overseas for economic, strategic, and nationalistic reasons.
Cultural Ideologies	Beliefs held by colonial powers that they were justified in imposing their culture, language, and institutions on indigenous peoples.
Religious Motives	The drive to spread Western religious beliefs, such as Christianity, often intertwined with colonial efforts and sometimes used to justify them.
Economic Motives	The desire for resources, markets, and economic power that drove the establishment of colonies and empires overseas.
East India Company	A company chartered by the British government that played a significant role in the imperialist expansion into India and East Asia.
Dutch East India Company	A Dutch company that had a monopoly on trade in certain regions and was instrumental in Dutch colonialism, particularly in Indonesia.
Japan's Expansion	Japan's emergence as an imperial power through its victory in the Sino-Japanese War and subsequent control over Korea and Taiwan.

Back

Glossary

One-page, printable cheatsheet

Answer questions to fill the grid

Table of Contents

🌍ap world history: modern review

AMSCO 6.1 Rationales for Imperialism Notes