Parvovirus b19

Definition

Parvovirus B19 is a small, single-stranded DNA virus known for causing infectious diseases in humans, particularly fifth disease, also known as erythema infectiosum. This virus primarily affects children and can lead to complications in certain populations, such as pregnant women and individuals with underlying hematological disorders. Parvovirus B19 is significant in the realm of clinically important DNA viruses due to its unique replication cycle and its ability to trigger severe anemia in susceptible patients.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Parvovirus B19 is the only known human pathogen in the Parvoviridae family, highlighting its unique status among DNA viruses.
2. In addition to causing fifth disease, parvovirus B19 can lead to significant complications such as chronic anemia in immunocompromised individuals.
3. The virus spreads primarily through respiratory secretions, making close contact and sharing utensils common routes of transmission.
4. Parvovirus B19 infections can pose serious risks during pregnancy, potentially leading to fetal anemia and other complications.
5. Diagnosis typically involves serological tests to detect specific antibodies against parvovirus B19 in the patient’s blood.

Review Questions

• How does parvovirus B19 primarily spread and what are the common symptoms associated with its infection?
  • Parvovirus B19 primarily spreads through respiratory secretions, such as saliva or nasal mucus, particularly in settings where children are in close contact. The common symptoms associated with its infection include mild flu-like symptoms followed by a characteristic rash known as erythema infectiosum, which often appears as a 'slapped cheek' appearance in children. These symptoms usually resolve without serious complications but can lead to more severe outcomes in at-risk populations.
• Discuss the potential complications of parvovirus B19 infection in pregnant women and the implications for fetal health.
  • Parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy can have serious implications for fetal health, including the risk of severe anemia and conditions such as hydrops fetalis. The virus can cross the placenta, leading to these complications that may result in miscarriage or stillbirth. Pregnant women who contract parvovirus B19 should be monitored closely for any signs of fetal distress or anemia to manage potential risks effectively.
• Evaluate the impact of parvovirus B19 on individuals with underlying hematological conditions, particularly regarding anemia.
  • Individuals with underlying hematological conditions, such as sickle cell disease or thalassemia, are particularly vulnerable to the effects of parvovirus B19 due to their already compromised red blood cell production. Infection can lead to an aplastic crisis where there is a sudden decrease in red blood cell count, resulting in severe anemia. This scenario requires prompt medical intervention, including possible blood transfusions, highlighting the need for vigilance and preventive measures among this population to avoid infections that could exacerbate their condition.

Related terms

Erythema Infectiosum: A common childhood illness caused by parvovirus B19, characterized by a 'slapped cheek' rash and mild flu-like symptoms.

Aplastic Crisis: A severe drop in red blood cell production that can occur in individuals with sickle cell disease or other hemolytic anemias, often triggered by parvovirus B19 infection.

Congenital Infection: An infection that is transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, which can lead to serious complications, including anemia and hydrops fetalis when caused by parvovirus B19.