Ramesses II

Definition

Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt and one of the most celebrated rulers of the New Kingdom. His reign, which lasted from 1279 to 1213 BCE, is marked by extensive building projects, military conquests, and a significant increase in Egypt's power and wealth. He is often remembered for his contributions to monumental architecture, including the famous temples at Abu Simbel and his role in securing Egypt's borders through military campaigns.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Ramesses II ruled for an impressive 66 years, making him one of the longest-reigning pharaohs in ancient Egyptian history.
2. He led several military campaigns, notably against the Hittites, which culminated in the Battle of Kadesh; despite heavy losses, he later claimed victory.
3. Ramesses II is often credited with initiating one of the first known peace treaties in history after his conflict with the Hittites.
4. His reign saw an extraordinary number of building projects, including over 60 temples and monuments, many of which are still standing today.
5. Ramesses II's legacy includes being a prominent figure in Egyptian mythology, often depicted as a god-king in inscriptions and sculptures throughout his empire.

Review Questions

• What were some key achievements of Ramesses II during his reign that contributed to Egypt's status in the ancient world?
  • Ramesses II's reign was marked by significant military achievements and monumental construction projects that greatly enhanced Egypt's status. His military campaigns expanded Egyptian territory and influence, particularly through his encounters with the Hittites. The construction of grand temples like Abu Simbel not only showcased his power but also reinforced religious devotion and national pride among Egyptians.
• How did the Battle of Kadesh influence Ramesses II's diplomatic strategies following the conflict with the Hittites?
  • The Battle of Kadesh had a profound impact on Ramesses II’s approach to diplomacy. Despite the battle resulting in high casualties for both sides, Ramesses famously claimed victory, which he used to bolster his image. This perceived success paved the way for a peace treaty with the Hittites, marking one of the first instances of formal diplomacy in recorded history and reflecting a shift from military conflict to negotiated peace.
• Evaluate the long-term cultural impact of Ramesses II's architectural projects on ancient Egyptian society and subsequent civilizations.
  • The architectural endeavors of Ramesses II had lasting cultural significance that extended beyond his reign. Structures like those at Abu Simbel became symbols of ancient Egyptian power and religious fervor, influencing future generations' perceptions of pharaonic authority. The grandeur of his monuments inspired later civilizations in their own architectural styles, showcasing a blend of artistry and political propaganda that emphasized continuity in leadership and divine connection with the gods.

Related terms

Nineteenth Dynasty: The Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt was a period of ancient Egyptian history marked by significant political stability, military expansion, and monumental construction under powerful pharaohs like Ramesses II.

Battle of Kadesh: A major battle fought between Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire around 1274 BCE, which is one of the earliest battles recorded in history and ultimately led to a peace treaty.

Abu Simbel: A pair of massive rock temples built by Ramesses II in southern Egypt, renowned for their grandeur and as a symbol of his power and religious devotion.