Ramesses II

Definition

Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt and one of the most powerful and celebrated rulers in ancient Egyptian history. His reign lasted for 66 years, making him one of the longest-reigning pharaohs, and he is renowned for his extensive building projects, military campaigns, and significant contributions to Egyptian culture and mythology.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Ramesses II is often regarded as the greatest pharaoh due to his extensive military victories, particularly at the Battle of Kadesh against the Hittites.
2. He signed one of the earliest known peace treaties with the Hittites, which marked a significant shift in diplomatic relations at that time.
3. Ramesses II's reign was characterized by monumental architecture, including temples, statues, and cities built in his honor, which reflected his status and power.
4. His legacy is also evident in Egyptian mythology, where he was often depicted as a god-like figure who connected with deities and was thought to embody their divine attributes.
5. Ramesses II was not only a military leader but also an advocate for the arts and religion, promoting the worship of gods like Amun-Ra and Osiris throughout Egypt.

Review Questions

• How did Ramesses II's military campaigns influence Egyptian history and its mythology?
  • Ramesses II's military campaigns significantly shaped Egyptian history by expanding its territory and influence in the region. His most famous battle, the Battle of Kadesh against the Hittites, is often depicted in art and inscriptions as a glorious victory, which contributed to his image as a heroic and divine leader in Egyptian mythology. This portrayal reinforced the belief that pharaohs were chosen by the gods to protect and lead their people.
• Discuss the impact of Ramesses II's building projects on Egyptian culture and society during his reign.
  • Ramesses II's building projects had a profound impact on Egyptian culture and society by showcasing the wealth and power of the pharaoh. Structures like the temples at Abu Simbel not only served religious purposes but also acted as symbols of royal authority. These projects provided employment opportunities for many Egyptians, stimulating economic activity while simultaneously promoting a sense of national pride through monumental architecture that would last for generations.
• Evaluate how Ramesses II's peace treaty with the Hittites changed diplomatic relations in the ancient Near East.
  • The peace treaty signed by Ramesses II with the Hittites after years of conflict marked a turning point in diplomatic relations within the ancient Near East. This treaty established a framework for cooperation between two powerful states, fostering trade and cultural exchanges that benefited both parties. The agreement not only demonstrated Ramesses' diplomatic acumen but also set a precedent for future peace negotiations, influencing how subsequent leaders approached international relations in an era often characterized by warfare.

Related terms

Hittites: An ancient Anatolian people who were rivals of Egypt during Ramesses II's reign, especially noted for the Battle of Kadesh against Ramesses.

Abu Simbel: A monumental temple complex built by Ramesses II in Nubia, featuring massive rock-cut statues of himself and designed to demonstrate his power.

Egyptian Mythology: A collection of myths and religious beliefs of ancient Egypt, which often incorporated the lives and deeds of pharaohs like Ramesses II as divine or semi-divine figures.