A posteriori

Definition

A posteriori refers to knowledge or justification that is dependent on empirical evidence or experience, meaning it is derived from observation or experimentation. This term contrasts with a priori knowledge, which is independent of experience and is known through reasoning alone. In philosophical discussions, particularly those related to causation and the existence of miracles, a posteriori reasoning plays a critical role in evaluating claims based on observable phenomena.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. In the context of miracles, a posteriori arguments emphasize the necessity of evidence based on personal experience or observation to validate claims.
2. David Hume argued that miracles should be examined through a posteriori reasoning, suggesting that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.
3. A posteriori knowledge can change over time as new experiences and observations provide fresh evidence, unlike a priori knowledge which remains static.
4. Hume's critique positions a posteriori evidence as essential for assessing the credibility of miracle reports, suggesting that the likelihood of miracles occurring is low based on past experiences.
5. Understanding a posteriori reasoning helps to frame debates on faith versus reason, especially when discussing religious phenomena.

Review Questions

• How does a posteriori reasoning support Hume's critique of miracles?
  • A posteriori reasoning supports Hume's critique by highlighting that claims about miracles must be substantiated by empirical evidence. Hume argues that because miracles violate natural laws, they should be approached with skepticism unless compelling evidence exists. This approach places a heavy burden of proof on those who assert that a miracle has occurred, as it requires demonstrable experiences or observations to back their claims.
• Evaluate the role of empirical evidence in forming beliefs about miracles as discussed in the context of a posteriori knowledge.
  • Empirical evidence plays a crucial role in forming beliefs about miracles within the framework of a posteriori knowledge. This type of knowledge relies on observation and experience rather than pure logic or deduction. Therefore, when believers claim that miracles have occurred, they must provide tangible evidence from personal experiences or credible witnesses to support their assertions. Without such evidence, the claims become less convincing under Hume's scrutiny.
• Synthesize Hume's critique with modern views on miracles to assess how a posteriori reasoning influences contemporary belief systems.
  • Synthesizing Hume's critique with modern views reveals that a posteriori reasoning continues to influence contemporary belief systems significantly. Today, many people still prioritize empirical evidence when evaluating miraculous claims, aligning with Hume's skepticism. However, some argue for personal experience as valid proof of miracles, leading to diverse interpretations within faith communities. This tension between empirical validation and personal belief reflects ongoing debates regarding the nature of reality and faith in modern society.

Related terms

Empiricism: A theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.

Induction: A method of reasoning in which general principles are derived from specific observations.

Causation: The relationship between cause and effect, particularly important when discussing the basis for miracles.