Epicureanism

Definition

Epicureanism is a philosophical system founded by Epicurus in the 4th century BCE that emphasizes the pursuit of pleasure and happiness as the highest good. This school of thought suggests that true pleasure comes from modest living, the cultivation of friendships, and the pursuit of knowledge while minimizing pain and anxiety. It gained prominence during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, reflecting the shifting values of society in response to political upheaval and personal well-being.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Epicurus believed that happiness is achieved through simple pleasures and intellectual pursuits rather than through luxury or excess.
2. The school of Epicureanism taught that fear of death is irrational and that one should focus on enjoying life while it lasts.
3. Epicurus established a community called 'The Garden' where followers could live out his teachings, emphasizing friendship and mutual support.
4. Epicureanism influenced later philosophical movements, including modern secular humanism, by promoting a materialistic view of the universe.
5. During the Roman Empire, Epicureanism faced criticism from Stoics and Christians who favored more ascetic lifestyles and spiritual practices.

Review Questions

• How did Epicureanism respond to the social and political changes of the Hellenistic and Roman periods?
  • Epicureanism emerged as a reaction to the tumultuous social and political landscape during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. As individuals faced uncertainty due to wars and shifting power dynamics, Epicurus promoted a philosophy centered on personal happiness through simple pleasures, friendship, and intellectual engagement. This approach provided a coping mechanism for people seeking stability and meaning amidst chaos, offering a refuge in the pursuit of a tranquil life.
• Compare and contrast Epicureanism with Stoicism in terms of their views on pleasure and pain.
  • Epicureanism and Stoicism present contrasting views on pleasure and pain. Epicureans advocate for seeking pleasure as the highest good while minimizing pain through simple living and cultivating friendships. In contrast, Stoics focus on virtue, self-control, and rationality, believing that enduring pain without complaint leads to true happiness. While Epicureans see pleasure as essential for a fulfilling life, Stoics prioritize emotional resilience over sensory enjoyment.
• Evaluate how the principles of Epicureanism might apply to contemporary society's understanding of happiness and well-being.
  • Evaluating Epicureanism today reveals its relevance in discussions around happiness and well-being. Modern society often emphasizes material wealth and constant stimulation; however, Epicurus’ ideas encourage individuals to seek fulfillment through meaningful relationships, knowledge, and appreciation of simple pleasures. By applying these principles, people can find balance amidst life’s complexities, combatting stress and anxiety while fostering a deeper sense of satisfaction with their lives.

Related terms

Hedonism: A philosophical perspective that identifies pleasure as the highest good and primary motivation for human actions, often linked to indulgence in physical pleasures.

Stoicism:

A contrasting philosophical school that teaches self-control, virtue, and rationality as a means to achieve inner peace, often emphasizing endurance of pain without complaint.

Ataraxia:

A state of serene calmness and emotional stability, which is a key goal in Epicureanism, representing the absence of physical pain and mental distress.