Epicureanism

Definition

Epicureanism is a philosophical system founded by Epicurus in the 4th century BCE, advocating for the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain as the primary goals of life. This approach emphasizes the importance of friendship, intellectual contemplation, and moderation in desires, suggesting that true happiness comes from simple pleasures rather than material wealth or excess.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Epicurus believed that the highest pleasure was the absence of pain (aponia) and mental distress (ataraxia), and that these could be achieved through simple living.
2. Friendship was considered one of the most valuable sources of happiness in Epicurean thought, as it provided emotional support and fulfillment.
3. Epicureanism rejects the fear of gods and death, proposing that understanding nature leads to a more peaceful existence.
4. Epicureans practiced moderation and advised against overindulgence, as excessive desires could lead to pain and dissatisfaction.
5. Plutarch critiqued Epicureanism in his writings, especially focusing on its moral implications and the perceived dangers of pursuing pleasure without ethical considerations.

Review Questions

• How does Epicureanism's focus on pleasure influence Plutarch's biographical method and sources?
  • Epicureanism's emphasis on pleasure shaped Plutarch's approach by encouraging him to explore the lives of individuals who exemplified moral virtues leading to happiness. This focus made him select biographies that highlighted how characters navigated desires and ethical dilemmas, often reflecting their pursuit of a balanced life. By presenting figures who achieved personal contentment through virtuous living, Plutarch illustrated Epicurean principles in action, enriching his narratives with moral lessons.
• Discuss how Plutarch incorporates moral dimensions into his portrayal of figures aligned with Epicurean philosophy.
  • Plutarch weaves moral dimensions into his portrayals by analyzing how individuals' choices align with Epicurean ideals, such as moderation and the pursuit of ataraxia. He often contrasts their successes and failures in achieving happiness through ethical behavior versus hedonistic excess. By doing this, Plutarch not only presents their life stories but also offers a critique on the moral ramifications of living according to Epicurean values versus a more reckless pursuit of pleasure.
• Evaluate the impact of Epicureanism on the ethical considerations found in Plutarch's biographies, particularly regarding friendship and virtue.
  • Epicureanism significantly impacts Plutarch's ethical considerations, especially regarding friendship and virtue. He portrays friendships as vital components of a happy life, aligning with Epicurus' views that strong bonds contribute to emotional well-being. Moreover, Plutarch emphasizes that true pleasure is derived from virtuous actions rather than mere hedonistic pursuits. This evaluation encourages readers to reflect on their values and the quality of their relationships while promoting a deeper understanding of how ethical living can lead to lasting happiness.

Related terms

Hedonism: A philosophical belief that pleasure or happiness is the highest good and proper aim of human life.

Ataraxia: A state of serene calmness and tranquility, which Epicureans sought to achieve through the elimination of unnecessary desires and fears.

Materialism: The philosophical viewpoint that regards physical matter as the fundamental substance in nature, and all phenomena, including consciousness, are results of material interactions.