Advaita Vedanta

Definition

Advaita Vedanta is a non-dual philosophical system within Hinduism that emphasizes the oneness of the individual soul (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman). It teaches that liberation (moksha) is achieved through self-realization and understanding that one's true nature is not separate from the divine. This perspective significantly influences various aspects of Hindu thought and practice, shaping beliefs about the nature of reality, the self, and the path to enlightenment.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Advaita Vedanta was popularized by the philosopher Adi Shankaracharya in the 8th century, who wrote extensive commentaries on key texts like the Upanishads.
2. The concept of 'non-duality' means that there is no real distinction between Atman and Brahman; they are essentially the same, which challenges conventional dualistic views in religion.
3. Practices such as meditation, self-inquiry, and devotion (bhakti) are integral to realizing the truth of Advaita Vedanta.
4. The teachings of Advaita Vedanta have influenced various spiritual movements in India, including modern Hindu reformers like Swami Vivekananda.
5. Advaita Vedanta is often contrasted with other schools of thought within Hinduism, such as Dvaita (dualism), which posits a distinct separation between God and individual souls.

Review Questions

• How does Advaita Vedanta reinterpret the concepts of Atman and Brahman compared to traditional views in Hinduism?
  • Advaita Vedanta presents Atman and Brahman as fundamentally identical, challenging traditional dualistic perspectives in Hinduism that view them as separate entities. In this non-dual philosophy, understanding one's true self as Atman leads to the realization that it is not distinct from Brahman, the ultimate reality. This transformative insight aims to dissolve ignorance and suffering, ultimately guiding practitioners toward liberation.
• Discuss how the ideas of Maya and non-duality are essential to understanding Advaita Vedanta's perspective on reality.
  • Maya plays a crucial role in Advaita Vedanta by illustrating how the world we perceive is an illusion that veils our understanding of ultimate reality. This illusion creates a sense of separation between individuals and Brahman. By recognizing Maya and realizing non-duality, individuals can transcend this illusion, leading to an understanding that everything is interconnected and ultimately one with Brahman. This shift in perception is essential for attaining moksha.
• Evaluate how Advaita Vedanta has influenced modern spiritual movements and inter-religious dialogue in contemporary society.
  • Advaita Vedanta has significantly impacted modern spiritual movements by promoting ideas of universal oneness and interconnectedness. Figures like Swami Vivekananda have drawn from its teachings to engage in inter-religious dialogue, advocating for an understanding that transcends specific religious boundaries. This philosophy encourages individuals to seek spiritual truths that resonate across cultures, fostering a greater sense of unity among diverse beliefs while addressing contemporary issues like pluralism and tolerance.

Related terms

Brahman: The ultimate, unchanging reality in Advaita Vedanta, representing the source and essence of all existence.

Maya: The illusion or appearance of the phenomenal world that obscures the true nature of reality in Advaita philosophy.

Moksha: The liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara), attained by realizing one's unity with Brahman in Advaita Vedanta.