Les misérables

Definition

Les Misérables is a novel by Victor Hugo, published in 1862, which explores themes of justice, redemption, and the struggles of the poor in 19th-century France. It serves as a significant example of theological fiction, intertwining moral dilemmas with profound philosophical questions, and reflects on the nature of good and evil through its diverse characters and their experiences.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Les Misérables is known for its rich character development, particularly the transformation of Jean Valjean, who represents the struggle for redemption in a flawed society.
2. The novel critiques social injustices, such as poverty and inequality, calling attention to the plight of the marginalized and their fight for dignity.
3. Hugo's narrative employs various literary styles, including poetry and philosophical essays, making it not just a story but a profound commentary on society.
4. The themes of love and sacrifice are central to the story, illustrating how personal relationships can transcend societal barriers and influence moral choices.
5. Les Misérables has inspired numerous adaptations in theater, film, and music, reflecting its enduring impact on culture and its relevance in discussions about morality and justice.

Review Questions

• How does Victor Hugo use Jean Valjean's character to explore themes of redemption and moral change in Les Misérables?
  • Victor Hugo portrays Jean Valjean as a complex character who evolves throughout Les Misérables from a bitter ex-convict into a selfless benefactor. His journey illustrates that redemption is possible through compassion, love, and moral courage. Valjean's struggles against societal judgment and his efforts to do good despite his past highlight how personal transformation can lead to broader discussions about justice and human dignity.
• Discuss the role of Javert in Les Misérables and how his character contrasts with that of Valjean in terms of justice and mercy.
  • Javert represents the rigid enforcement of law and order in Les Misérables, contrasting sharply with Valjean's embodiment of mercy and compassion. While Valjean seeks to understand humanity beyond the law, Javert is unable to reconcile his beliefs with Valjean's moral complexity. This conflict emphasizes the tension between strict adherence to justice and the need for empathy within a flawed legal system.
• Evaluate how Les Misérables addresses social injustice through its characters and events, and analyze its relevance to contemporary issues.
  • Les Misérables uses characters like Gavroche and others to expose the harsh realities of poverty and social inequality in 19th-century France. The novel's depiction of suffering among the lower classes resonates with modern discussions about systemic injustice and economic disparity. By exploring these themes through personal stories, Hugo encourages readers to reflect on their moral responsibilities towards others, making it an enduring work that remains relevant in contemporary social justice dialogues.

Related terms

Jean Valjean: The protagonist of Les Misérables, who transforms from a hardened ex-convict seeking redemption to a compassionate benefactor, symbolizing the possibility of personal change and moral resurrection.

Javert: A police inspector in Les Misérables who represents the law's unyielding nature and serves as a foil to Valjean's quest for mercy and understanding, embodying the conflict between justice and compassion.

Gavroche: A streetwise boy in Les Misérables who epitomizes the plight of the impoverished youth in Paris, symbolizing innocence amidst chaos and highlighting the social injustices present in society.