Les misérables

Definition

Les Misérables is a novel written by Victor Hugo, published in 1862, that explores themes of justice, redemption, and the struggles of the poor in 19th-century France. It is a pivotal work in both the Romantic and Realist literary traditions, showcasing the human condition and social issues while also embodying the emotional intensity and idealism characteristic of Romantic literature.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Les Misérables is often considered one of the greatest novels of the 19th century, blending elements of both Romanticism and Realism.
2. The novel is structured around multiple storylines, weaving together the lives of various characters to highlight different aspects of society and human experience.
3. Hugo's portrayal of poverty and injustice in Les Misérables serves as a powerful social critique, addressing issues such as class struggle and moral dilemmas faced by individuals.
4. Key themes in the novel include love, sacrifice, redemption, and the quest for justice, which are explored through the journeys of its main characters.
5. Les Misérables has inspired numerous adaptations in theater, film, and music, most notably the popular musical that has brought the story to new audiences around the world.

Review Questions

• How does Victor Hugo use the character of Jean Valjean to illustrate key themes in Les Misérables?
  • Jean Valjean embodies themes of redemption and social justice as he transforms from a hardened convict into a compassionate figure seeking to improve the lives of others. His journey reflects the struggle between personal morality and societal constraints. Through Valjean's character, Hugo critiques the harsh penal system and highlights the possibility of change and forgiveness despite one's past.
• Discuss how Les Misérables fits within the Romantic literary tradition while also exhibiting elements of Realism.
  • Les Misérables showcases Romantic ideals through its emotional depth, focus on individual experience, and exploration of lofty themes like love and redemption. At the same time, it employs Realist techniques by vividly portraying the socio-economic struggles faced by characters like Fantine and Valjean. This duality allows Hugo to blend idealism with a grounded critique of society, making the novel rich in both emotional resonance and social commentary.
• Evaluate the impact of Les Misérables on modern literature and its relevance in contemporary discussions about social justice.
  • Les Misérables has had a profound influence on literature and continues to resonate today due to its exploration of themes like poverty, injustice, and moral responsibility. Its characters' struggles reflect ongoing social issues that are still prevalent in contemporary society. By addressing questions about inequality and empathy, Hugo's work encourages readers to consider their roles within social structures and to advocate for justice and compassion in modern contexts.

Related terms

Jean Valjean: The protagonist of Les Misérables, a former convict who seeks redemption and struggles against societal injustices throughout the novel.

Cosette: The daughter of Fantine, who becomes a symbol of innocence and hope in Les Misérables, representing the potential for a better future.

Social Realism: A literary movement focused on depicting everyday life and social issues, often emphasizing the struggles of the lower classes and critiquing societal structures.