Samuel Johnson

Definition

Samuel Johnson was an influential English writer and lexicographer, best known for his dictionary, 'A Dictionary of the English Language,' published in 1755. His work in standardizing the English language during the 18th century established guidelines for spelling, grammar, and usage that shaped the way English was written and understood.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Johnson's dictionary was one of the first comprehensive dictionaries of the English language, containing over 40,000 entries and providing definitions, examples, and quotations.
2. He had a significant influence on English literature beyond lexicography; his essays and critiques helped shape modern literary criticism.
3. Samuel Johnson's work emphasized the importance of consistency in spelling and usage, which contributed to a more standardized form of English.
4. Johnson's contributions to language included not only his dictionary but also his role in writing the 'Preface,' which discussed the philosophy behind dictionary-making.
5. His efforts in creating a standardized version of English helped bridge regional dialects, making literature and communication more accessible across England.

Review Questions

• How did Samuel Johnson's dictionary contribute to the standardization of the English language in the 18th century?
  • Samuel Johnson's dictionary played a pivotal role in standardizing the English language by providing clear definitions, consistent spelling, and usage examples. By compiling over 40,000 entries, it set a benchmark for how words should be understood and used. This monumental work influenced writers and scholars to adopt a uniform approach to language, helping to unify the diverse dialects spoken across England at that time.
• Analyze the significance of Johnson's other works beyond his dictionary in shaping English literature.
  • Beyond his dictionary, Samuel Johnson's essays and critiques in works like 'The Rambler' were essential in shaping literary criticism in England. His focus on moral and philosophical themes allowed him to address societal issues while influencing contemporary writers. This established him as a central figure in literature during the 18th century, where his insights contributed to discussions about ethics and aesthetics that are still relevant today.
• Evaluate how Samuel Johnson's contributions to lexicography reflect broader changes in language attitudes during the 18th century.
  • Samuel Johnson's contributions to lexicography reflect a significant shift in attitudes toward language during the 18th century. His emphasis on creating a standardized dictionary indicated a growing recognition of the need for clarity and consistency in communication as society became more interconnected through commerce and print culture. This movement towards standardization mirrored larger trends of rationality and order in Enlightenment thought, showcasing how language was not just a tool for expression but also a means of establishing cultural norms and unity among diverse populations.

Related terms

Lexicography: The practice of compiling dictionaries, involving the collection, analysis, and presentation of words and their meanings.

The Rambler: A periodical essay series written by Samuel Johnson that focused on moral and philosophical themes, showcasing his literary style and thoughts.

Standard English: A form of the English language that is considered the norm or accepted as a model for grammar, spelling, and usage across various dialects.