Samuel Johnson

Definition

Samuel Johnson was an influential English lexicographer, critic, and writer of the 18th century, best known for his dictionary, 'A Dictionary of the English Language,' published in 1755. His work significantly shaped the development of English grammar and usage by providing clear definitions and establishing standards for spelling and word usage during a time when the English language was still evolving.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Johnson's dictionary was one of the first comprehensive dictionaries in the English language, containing over 40,000 entries and examples of usage.
2. He is often credited with helping to standardize English grammar and spelling during a time when variations were common across different regions.
3. Johnson's work extended beyond lexicography; he was a prominent figure in English literature, known for his essays, poetry, and biography of Shakespeare.
4. He utilized literary quotations in his dictionary to illustrate word meanings, making it not just a reference but also a tool for understanding the language's literary context.
5. Johnson's influence on English was profound; his efforts laid the groundwork for future dictionaries and helped establish a sense of authority in the evolving use of the language.

Review Questions

• How did Samuel Johnson's dictionary contribute to the standardization of the English language?
  • Samuel Johnson's dictionary played a crucial role in the standardization of the English language by providing clear definitions and consistent spellings for thousands of words. Before his dictionary, there was significant variation in how words were spelled and used across different regions. By compiling his extensive work in 1755, Johnson established a reference point that helped unify these practices, influencing both written and spoken English for generations.
• Analyze the impact of Samuel Johnson's approach to lexicography on later dictionary compilations.
  • Samuel Johnson's approach to lexicography greatly influenced later dictionary compilations by emphasizing the importance of literary quotations to illustrate word meanings. His method of selecting entries based on usage rather than just etymology set a precedent for future lexicographers. This focus on practical application over mere description allowed later dictionaries to better reflect contemporary language use and helped guide learners in understanding how to effectively communicate.
• Evaluate how Samuel Johnson’s works reflect the cultural and linguistic changes in 18th-century England.
  • Samuel Johnson's works reflect significant cultural and linguistic changes in 18th-century England as they emerged during a period of increasing literacy and interest in education. His dictionary not only documented existing language but also shaped it by introducing standardized forms amidst evolving social norms. Furthermore, through essays like those in 'The Rambler,' Johnson engaged with contemporary issues such as morality, society, and literature, capturing the spirit of Enlightenment thought while addressing how language could adapt to these changes.

Related terms

Lexicography: The art and practice of compiling dictionaries, including the principles and methods used to select and define words.

Prescriptivism: An approach to language that emphasizes established rules and norms regarding grammar, spelling, and usage, often associated with Samuel Johnson's work.

The Rambler: A series of essays written by Samuel Johnson that discussed various topics, contributing to the understanding of English prose and literary style.