Sextus Empiricus

Definition

Sextus Empiricus was a prominent ancient Greek philosopher and physician, best known for his works on skepticism, particularly 'Outlines of Pyrrhonism' and 'Against the Mathematicians.' His writings outline the principles of skeptical philosophy, emphasizing the suspension of judgment on beliefs and the pursuit of tranquility through doubt and inquiry. Sextus's ideas are central to understanding how skepticism challenges dogmatic assertions of knowledge.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Sextus Empiricus is often regarded as the most important figure in the development of ancient skepticism, laying foundational ideas for later philosophical thought.
2. His works present arguments for suspending judgment about non-evident matters, promoting the idea that certainty is unattainable.
3. Sextus's skepticism is characterized by a focus on practical outcomes, particularly achieving a state of tranquility by alleviating anxiety over knowledge claims.
4. He critically addressed various philosophical schools, including Stoicism and Epicureanism, highlighting their dogmatic assumptions.
5. Sextus's influence extended into the Renaissance, where his ideas inspired early modern skeptics like Montaigne and Descartes.

Review Questions

• How does Sextus Empiricus define skepticism, and what methods does he advocate for suspending judgment?
  • Sextus Empiricus defines skepticism as the philosophical approach that involves refraining from making definitive judgments about knowledge claims. He advocates for a methodical examination of beliefs, encouraging individuals to recognize the lack of definitive evidence supporting various assertions. This practice leads to a state of suspension of judgment, which allows one to achieve tranquility by reducing anxiety over uncertain knowledge.
• In what ways did Sextus Empiricus challenge the dogmatic views of contemporary philosophical schools, such as Stoicism and Epicureanism?
  • Sextus Empiricus challenged the dogmatic views of Stoicism and Epicureanism by exposing their reliance on supposed certainties about knowledge and existence. He argued that these schools made unwarranted assumptions that led to dogmatism, preventing true understanding. By presenting counterarguments and questioning their foundational principles, Sextus aimed to demonstrate that a more skeptical approach yields greater intellectual humility and openness to uncertainty.
• Evaluate the impact of Sextus Empiricus's skepticism on modern philosophical thought and its relevance in contemporary discussions about knowledge.
  • Sextus Empiricus's skepticism has significantly impacted modern philosophical thought by introducing critical examination and doubt as essential components in epistemology. His ideas resonate in contemporary discussions regarding the limits of human knowledge and the validity of different belief systems. By challenging absolute truths and advocating for open inquiry, Sextus's influence persists in debates over relativism, scientific skepticism, and the pursuit of knowledge in an increasingly complex world.

Related terms

Pyrrhonism: An ancient school of skepticism founded by Pyrrho, emphasizing the suspension of judgment to achieve mental tranquility.

Aporia: A philosophical puzzle or state of puzzlement that arises from contradictory evidence or arguments.

Epistemology: The branch of philosophy that studies the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge.