Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Definition

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. This disorder often manifests in childhood and can continue into adulthood, impacting various aspects of life including education, work, and relationships. Understanding the neurobiological factors associated with ADHD is essential for developing effective interventions and support strategies.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. ADHD is believed to have a genetic component, with studies showing that it often runs in families.
2. Brain imaging studies have indicated differences in the size and activity of certain brain regions, particularly those involved in attention and impulse control.
3. Symptoms of ADHD can manifest differently in individuals, with some showing more hyperactive behaviors while others may primarily struggle with inattention.
4. Environmental factors such as prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke or lead can increase the risk of developing ADHD.
5. Treatment for ADHD typically includes behavioral therapy, medication, or a combination of both to manage symptoms effectively.

Review Questions

• How do neurobiological factors contribute to the symptoms experienced by individuals with ADHD?
  • Neurobiological factors play a significant role in ADHD symptoms due to differences in brain structure and function. Research shows that areas of the brain responsible for attention and impulse control, such as the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia, may be less active or smaller in individuals with ADHD. Additionally, imbalances in neurotransmitters like dopamine are thought to contribute to difficulties in regulating attention and behavior, leading to the hallmark symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
• Discuss the implications of executive functioning deficits in individuals with ADHD and how they can affect daily life.
  • Executive functioning deficits are a core challenge for individuals with ADHD. These impairments can hinder abilities such as planning, organizing tasks, managing time effectively, and controlling impulses. Consequently, individuals may struggle with academic performance, maintain relationships due to forgetfulness or impulsive behavior, and face difficulties in workplace settings where organization and self-regulation are essential. Addressing these deficits through targeted interventions can improve overall functioning.
• Evaluate how environmental factors interplay with genetic predispositions to influence the development of ADHD.
  • The development of ADHD is influenced by both genetic predispositions and environmental factors. While genetic links suggest that children with family members who have ADHD are at higher risk for developing the disorder themselves, environmental elements like prenatal exposure to harmful substances or early childhood experiences can also play a crucial role. This interplay suggests that while genetics set a foundation for ADHD potential, external factors may trigger or exacerbate symptoms. Understanding this dynamic is essential for prevention and intervention strategies.

Related terms

Neurotransmitters: Chemicals in the brain that transmit signals between neurons, playing a crucial role in regulating mood, attention, and behavior.

Executive Functioning: Cognitive processes that include working memory, flexible thinking, and self-control, which are often impaired in individuals with ADHD.

Comorbidity: The presence of one or more additional disorders or diseases co-occurring with ADHD, which can complicate diagnosis and treatment.