Fundamentalism

Definition

Fundamentalism refers to a strict adherence to specific theological doctrines typically in reaction against modernism, often characterized by a literal interpretation of religious texts. It involves a desire to return to what adherents believe are the original principles of their faith, and it can manifest in various ways, including religious, social, and political dimensions. This concept is important for understanding how religious identities can shift and adapt in response to global transformations and challenges.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Fundamentalism can be found in various religious traditions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism, each interpreting their texts literally and advocating for a return to foundational beliefs.
2. It often arises as a response to perceived threats posed by globalization, secularism, or cultural changes that challenge traditional values.
3. Fundamentalist movements may promote social activism or political engagement as a means to enforce their beliefs and influence public policy.
4. These movements can lead to tension between fundamentalist groups and more moderate or progressive factions within the same religion or society.
5. In some cases, fundamentalism has been associated with extremism or violence when adherents feel that their beliefs are under direct threat.

Review Questions

• How does fundamentalism manifest differently across various religious traditions?
  • Fundamentalism can take unique forms depending on the religious tradition it is associated with. For example, in Christianity, it might emphasize the literal truth of the Bible and advocate for its teachings in public life. In contrast, Islamic fundamentalism may stress the importance of Sharia law and adherence to traditional practices. Each tradition's fundamentalist expressions reflect its own historical context, teachings, and responses to modernity.
• Discuss the relationship between fundamentalism and modernity. How do these concepts interact within society?
  • Fundamentalism often emerges as a reaction against modernity and its associated values such as secularism and pluralism. Adherents may feel threatened by rapid social changes that challenge their beliefs and way of life. In this context, fundamentalists seek to reassert their religious identity and reclaim traditional values. The tension between these two forces can lead to significant societal debates about the role of religion in public life and the boundaries of belief systems.
• Evaluate the impacts of globalization on the rise of fundamentalist movements around the world.
  • Globalization has facilitated the spread of ideas and cultures but has also prompted backlash from individuals who feel that their traditional beliefs are under siege. As global communication increases awareness of diverse perspectives, some people respond by turning inward toward fundamentalist ideologies that promise certainty and stability. This dynamic creates a complex landscape where global interconnectedness coexists with local reactions that can manifest in polarized political movements or increased religious fervor.

Related terms

Religious nationalism: A political ideology that seeks to promote the interests of a specific religion within a national context, often merging national identity with religious identity.

Modernism: A broad cultural, artistic, and intellectual movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by a departure from traditional forms and a focus on innovation and new ideas.

Secularism: The principle of separating religion from political, social, and educational institutions, advocating for a society where religious beliefs do not dictate public policy or governance.