Thutmose III

Definition

Thutmose III was the sixth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, reigning from 1479 to 1425 BCE. Known as one of Egypt's greatest military leaders, he expanded the empire to its greatest extent, conducting numerous successful military campaigns, which significantly increased Egypt's wealth and influence. His reign also marked a shift in religious practices and artistic styles during the Amarna Period, which followed his rule.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Thutmose III is often referred to as the 'Napoleon of Egypt' due to his military strategies and successful conquests across the Near East and Nubia.
2. He led at least 17 military campaigns, effectively expanding Egypt's empire and securing valuable trade routes and resources.
3. Thutmose III was initially overshadowed by his stepmother Hatshepsut, but after her death, he asserted his authority and established himself as a dominant pharaoh.
4. His reign saw significant advancements in architecture, with many temples and monuments built in his honor, including those at Karnak and Luxor.
5. Despite his military prowess, Thutmose III was also a patron of arts and culture, influencing religious practices and contributing to the evolving identity of New Kingdom Egypt.

Review Questions

• How did Thutmose III's military campaigns contribute to Egypt's expansion during his reign?
  • Thutmose III's military campaigns were crucial in extending Egypt's territory to its zenith. He conducted multiple successful expeditions into the Near East, including Canaan and Syria, allowing Egypt to assert dominance over these regions. His strategic approach in battles, such as at Megiddo, not only secured land but also increased Egypt's wealth through tribute and trade routes.
• What was the impact of Thutmose III on the political landscape of Egypt following Hatshepsut's rule?
  • After Hatshepsut's reign, Thutmose III shifted Egypt’s political dynamics by reclaiming his position as the sole ruler. He worked to erase Hatshepsut’s legacy from history by removing her name from monuments and records. This move reestablished traditional male authority in leadership roles while reinforcing his own power through military success and monumental building projects that glorified his rule.
• Evaluate how Thutmose III's reign influenced the subsequent cultural developments in ancient Egypt, especially during the Amarna Period.
  • Thutmose III’s reign laid the groundwork for significant cultural shifts that emerged during the Amarna Period. His extensive building programs fostered an appreciation for art and architecture that evolved into more naturalistic styles under Akhenaten. The military successes also brought newfound wealth that allowed for greater artistic expression and changes in religious practices, leading to a blend of traditional beliefs with more innovative approaches that would characterize this transformative era.

Related terms

Hatshepsut: Thutmose III's stepmother and co-regent, who ruled Egypt prior to his sole reign and significantly influenced the early years of his rule.

Kadesh: A significant city and battleground during Thutmose III's campaigns, where he fought against the Mitanni and other neighboring states.

Amarna Art: A distinct artistic style that emerged during the Amarna Period, characterized by more naturalistic forms and a departure from traditional Egyptian art, influencing the cultural landscape after Thutmose III's reign.