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British Literature I
Table of Contents
Unit 6 Overview: English Renaissance & Shakespeare's Era
6.1 Historical and Cultural Context of the English Renaissance
6.2 Humanism and Its Impact on Literature
6.3 Development of Early Modern English
6.4 Major Literary Figures of the English Renaissance

📜british literature i review

6.1 Historical and Cultural Context of the English Renaissance

Citation:

The English Renaissance brought sweeping changes to society, politics, and culture. As feudalism gave way to centralized monarchy, a growing middle class and increased literacy reshaped social dynamics. The Protestant Reformation further transformed religious life and literary expression.

Tudor patronage fueled a golden age of arts and literature, while maritime exploration opened new trade routes and cultural exchanges. These developments laid the groundwork for England's emergence as a global power, shaping the nation's identity for centuries to come.

Historical Context of the English Renaissance

Changes in Renaissance England

  • Political changes
    • Feudalism shifted to centralized monarchy consolidated power in royal hands
    • Tudor dynasty established (1485-1603) brought stability after War of Roses
    • Parliament's power increased gradually challenged monarchical authority
  • Social changes
    • Middle class grew merchants and skilled craftsmen gained influence
    • Literacy rates increased printing press spread knowledge (books, pamphlets)
    • Urbanization and population growth London's population doubled (1500-1600)
  • Economic changes
    • Trade and commerce expanded new trade routes opened (Americas, East Indies)
    • Mercantilism rose government regulated economy to increase national wealth
    • Enclosure movement in agriculture consolidated farmland increased efficiency
    • Joint-stock companies developed (East India Company) funded large ventures

Impact of Protestant Reformation

  • Religious changes
    • Break from Roman Catholic Church Henry VIII declared himself head of church
    • Church of England established blended Catholic traditions with Protestant theology
    • Monasteries dissolved wealth redistributed to crown and nobility
  • Literary impacts
    • Vernacular literature increased Bible translations spurred English writing
    • Bible translated into English (King James Version) influenced language development
    • Protestant themes in writing explored faith, morality, individual conscience
  • Social impacts
    • Education system changed grammar schools focused on classical learning
    • Church-state power dynamics shifted monarch gained religious authority
    • Religious practices altered emphasis on personal faith, simplified worship

Cultural Developments in Renaissance England

Tudor influence on culture

  • Patronage of arts
    • Playwrights and poets supported (Shakespeare, Marlowe) flourished under royal protection
    • Artwork and architecture commissioned (Hampton Court Palace) showcased Tudor power
  • Cultural reforms
    • English language and literature promoted vernacular works gained prestige
    • Grammar schools established educated middle class in classics and rhetoric
  • Royal influence on fashion and court life
    • Distinct English style developed (ruffs, farthingales) set trends across Europe
    • Elaborate court ceremonies and entertainments (masques, jousts) displayed royal splendor

English exploration and colonization

  • Maritime advancements
    • Shipbuilding and navigation improved (carracks, compasses) enabled long voyages
    • Royal Navy established (1546) protected trade routes and projected power
  • Economic impacts
    • Trading companies formed (Muscovy Company) monopolized foreign trade
    • New goods and resources introduced (tobacco, potatoes) changed European diets
  • Cultural exchanges
    • Diverse cultures and languages encountered (Native Americans, East Indians) broadened worldviews
    • Literature and art influenced (The Tempest) incorporated exotic elements
  • Colonial expansion
    • First English colonies established (Roanoke, Jamestown) began empire-building
    • Competition with European powers intensified (Spain, Portugal) shaped global politics

Key Terms to Review (22)

Feudalism: Feudalism was a social, economic, and political system that dominated medieval Europe, characterized by the exchange of land for military service and loyalty. It structured society into hierarchical classes, where lords granted land (fiefs) to vassals in return for protection and service, creating a network of obligations and allegiances. This system significantly shaped the governance, culture, and literature of medieval England and continued to influence society into the Renaissance period.
Hampton Court Palace: Hampton Court Palace is a historic royal palace located in Richmond upon Thames, London, originally built in the early 16th century for Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. The palace became a favorite residence of King Henry VIII and is a significant architectural example of Tudor and Baroque styles, reflecting the wealth and power of the English monarchy during the Renaissance period.
Jamestown: Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607 in Virginia. This settlement marked a pivotal moment in the English Renaissance, as it represented England's growing ambitions for colonization and expansion into the New World, driven by economic opportunities and a desire for new resources.
Roanoke: Roanoke refers to the first English settlement in the Americas, established in 1585 on Roanoke Island, off the coast of present-day North Carolina. The settlement is famously known for its mysterious disappearance, often referred to as 'the Lost Colony,' which became a significant event during the English Renaissance, showcasing early attempts at colonization and the challenges faced by settlers.
The Tempest: The Tempest is a play written by William Shakespeare, believed to have been composed around 1610-1611. It explores themes of power, betrayal, forgiveness, and the supernatural through the story of Prospero, a deposed duke who uses magic to control the island he inhabits. This work is often seen as a reflection of the changing societal and cultural dynamics of the English Renaissance, as well as an expression of Shakespeare's own career and personal experiences.
Muscovy Company: The Muscovy Company was the first English joint-stock company, established in 1555 to promote trade between England and Russia. This company played a crucial role in fostering economic ties and opened up new markets for English merchants during the English Renaissance, reflecting the period's spirit of exploration and commercial ambition.
Middle class: The middle class refers to a social group positioned between the upper class and working class, typically characterized by moderate income, education, and occupational status. During the English Renaissance, this class emerged as a significant force in society, influencing cultural, economic, and political developments through their growing wealth and aspirations.
Enclosure movement: The enclosure movement was a significant historical process in England during the 16th to 19th centuries, where common land was converted into privately owned land. This transformation enabled landowners to increase agricultural efficiency and productivity but led to widespread displacement of peasant communities who relied on common lands for their livelihood. The enclosure movement had profound effects on rural society, contributing to urbanization and changes in social structures during the English Renaissance.
King James Version: The King James Version (KJV) is an English translation of the Bible commissioned in 1604 and first published in 1611. It was created under the reign of King James I of England and is renowned for its majestic prose and literary quality, influencing English literature and culture during the English Renaissance.
Maritime advancements: Maritime advancements refer to the technological and navigational improvements that significantly enhanced sea travel and exploration during the English Renaissance. These developments included innovations in shipbuilding, navigation tools, and maritime knowledge, which collectively transformed trade, exploration, and military endeavors on the seas. The impact of these advancements was profound, enabling longer voyages and the establishment of overseas colonies, thereby reshaping economic and cultural landscapes.
Mercantilism: Mercantilism is an economic theory that emphasizes the importance of accumulating wealth, particularly gold and silver, through a favorable balance of trade. This system was prevalent from the 16th to the 18th centuries and significantly influenced European powers' policies, trade practices, and colonial expansion during the English Renaissance.
Urbanization: Urbanization refers to the process by which rural areas transform into urban areas, typically characterized by an increase in population density and the growth of cities. This phenomenon was significant during the English Renaissance, as it coincided with major social, economic, and cultural changes that shaped society. Urbanization led to the rise of a merchant class, increased trade and commerce, and significant advancements in art and literature, all of which contributed to the vibrant cultural landscape of the period.
Henry VIII: Henry VIII was the King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547, known for his six marriages and his role in the English Reformation. His desire for an annulment from Catherine of Aragon led to a break from the Catholic Church and the establishment of the Church of England, significantly impacting English society and culture during the Renaissance.
Centralized Monarchy: A centralized monarchy is a form of government where a single sovereign authority holds supreme power, often characterized by the consolidation of political control in the hands of the monarch. This system typically involves a strong, unified state where the monarch's decisions are paramount, influencing the administrative, legal, and social structures of society. Centralized monarchies played a significant role in shaping governance during the English Renaissance, as they provided stability and authority amidst a backdrop of cultural and political transformation.
Royal Navy: The Royal Navy is the naval warfare branch of the United Kingdom's armed forces, responsible for the defense of the realm and its interests. During the English Renaissance, it emerged as a powerful symbol of national strength and played a crucial role in establishing Britain as a dominant maritime power, influencing trade, exploration, and military engagements across the globe.
Christopher Marlowe: Christopher Marlowe was a renowned English playwright and poet of the late 16th century, often considered a precursor to William Shakespeare. His works contributed significantly to the development of Elizabethan drama, showcasing themes of ambition, power, and the human condition. Marlowe's innovative use of blank verse and complex characters helped shape the literary landscape of the English Renaissance.
William Shakespeare: William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet, and actor, widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. His works reflect the cultural and historical shifts of the English Renaissance, influencing not only literature but also theater and the English language itself.
Church of England: The Church of England is the national church of England and a key component of the Anglican Communion, established in the 16th century during the English Reformation. It arose from a conflict between King Henry VIII and the Roman Catholic Church over issues such as annulment and authority, leading to the establishment of a separate ecclesiastical structure that combined elements of both Catholicism and Protestantism.
Joint-stock companies: Joint-stock companies are business entities where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders. This structure allowed for the pooling of capital from multiple investors, which significantly reduced individual risk while enabling large-scale commercial ventures, particularly during the English Renaissance when exploration and colonization were prominent.
Grammar schools: Grammar schools were educational institutions in England that emerged during the late medieval period and flourished during the Renaissance. These schools provided classical education focusing on Latin, Greek, and rhetoric, which prepared students for university studies and careers in law, medicine, or the church. The establishment of grammar schools was a significant development in the context of educational reform and humanist thought during this period.
Protestant Reformation: The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement that began in the early 16th century, challenging the practices and authority of the Catholic Church and leading to the establishment of various Protestant denominations. This movement marked a significant shift in religious, political, and cultural landscapes in Europe, influencing art, literature, and thought during the Renaissance and beyond.
Tudor Dynasty: The Tudor Dynasty was a royal house that ruled England from 1485 to 1603, marked by significant political, social, and cultural changes. It began with Henry VII's victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, which ended the Wars of the Roses, and concluded with the death of Elizabeth I. This era is characterized by the establishment of the Church of England, flourishing arts, and explorations that expanded England's influence globally.