Glossary

10.5 Greek artists in Rome

6 min read•august 21, 2024

Greek artists played a crucial role in shaping the visual culture of Augustan Rome. As Rome expanded its empire, it absorbed Greek artistic traditions, leading to a fusion of styles that defined the era's aesthetics.

This influx of Greek talent brought sophisticated techniques and ideals to Rome. From sculpture to architecture, Greek artists influenced every aspect of Roman art, creating a unique Greco-Roman style that became the hallmark of Augustan cultural policy.

Greek artists in Rome

  • Greek artistic influence in Rome emerged as a result of increased cultural contact and Roman conquest of Greek territories
  • Greek artists brought sophisticated techniques and aesthetic ideals that profoundly shaped Roman art and architecture
  • This influx of Greek artistic talent played a crucial role in developing the visual language of Augustan Rome

Origins of Greek influence

Top images from around the web for Origins of Greek influence

  • Ancient Greece - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia View original

    Is this image relevant?

  • Hellenistic Period – Art and Visual Culture: Prehistory to Renaissance View original

    Is this image relevant?

  • Ancient Greece - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia View original

    Is this image relevant?

1 of 3

Top images from around the web for Origins of Greek influence

  • Ancient Greece - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia View original

    Is this image relevant?

  • Hellenistic Period – Art and Visual Culture: Prehistory to Renaissance View original

    Is this image relevant?

  • Ancient Greece - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia View original

    Is this image relevant?

1 of 3
  • Roman expansion into Greek territories (particularly after 146 BCE) led to exposure to Greek art and culture
  • Wealthy Romans began collecting Greek artworks as spoils of war and status symbols
  • Greek artists migrated to Rome seeking patronage and opportunities, bringing their skills and traditions

Patronage and commissions

  • Roman elites actively sought Greek artists for prestigious commissions
  • Patronage system allowed Greek artists to establish workshops and schools in Rome
  • Commissions ranged from public monuments to private luxury items (sculptures, frescoes, mosaics)

Hellenistic vs Roman styles

  • Hellenistic art characterized by dramatic movement, emotional expressiveness, and complex compositions
  • Roman art initially more austere and focused on realism and portraiture
  • Fusion of styles resulted in a unique Greco-Roman aesthetic
  • Roman art adopted Hellenistic dramatization while maintaining interest in individualized portraiture

Sculptural techniques and materials

  • Greeks introduced advanced marble carving techniques to Rome
  • Use of contrapposto pose to create more dynamic and lifelike figures
  • Introduction of bronze casting methods for large-scale sculptures
  • Development of copying techniques to reproduce famous Greek works

Notable Greek artists

  • Greek sculptors and painters working in Rome significantly influenced the development of Roman art
  • These artists often adapted their styles to suit Roman tastes and requirements
  • Their works became models for subsequent generations of both Greek and Roman artists

Pasiteles and his school

  • established an influential school of sculpture in Rome during the 1st century BCE
  • Known for meticulous preparation, including creation of clay models before carving
  • Emphasized harmonious proportions and idealized beauty in figurative sculpture
  • His pupil continued the tradition, creating works that blended Greek with Roman realism

Arcesilas and idealized realism

  • Active in the 1st century BCE, known for sculptures that combined idealized forms with realistic details
  • Created the famous for Julius Caesar's forum
  • Pioneered the technique of selling plaster models of his works to patrons
  • His style influenced the development of imperial portraiture in Augustan Rome

Stephanus and classicizing style

  • Pupil of Pasiteles who worked in Rome during the late 1st century BCE
  • Known for his "Stephanus Athlete," exemplifying the
  • Blended elements of 5th century BCE Greek classical art with contemporary Roman tastes
  • His work influenced the classicizing trend in Augustan art, emphasizing harmony and idealized beauty

Greek-inspired Roman art

  • Greek artistic influence permeated various aspects of Roman visual culture
  • Romans adapted Greek forms to suit their own cultural and political needs
  • This fusion resulted in a distinct Greco-Roman artistic language that characterized Augustan Rome

Adaptation of Greek forms

  • Romans adopted Greek architectural orders (, , ) for their buildings
  • Greek mythological subjects became popular in Roman sculpture and painting
  • Roman artists learned to use Greek proportional systems and anatomical knowledge

Fusion of Greek and Roman elements

  • Combination of Greek idealism with Roman interest in individual likeness in portraiture
  • Adaptation of Greek narrative relief sculpture for Roman historical monuments ()
  • Integration of Greek decorative motifs into Roman interior design and luxury arts

Neo-Attic relief sculpture

  • Revival of classical Greek relief styles in late Republican and early Imperial Rome
  • Characterized by refined, elegant figures and mythological subjects
  • Often used to decorate public and private spaces, including gardens and villas
  • Reflected Roman admiration for 5th century BCE Athenian art

Architectural contributions

  • Greek architectural principles significantly influenced Roman building practices
  • Romans adapted and innovated upon Greek designs to create their own monumental architecture
  • These contributions shaped the urban landscape of Augustan Rome

Greek orders in Roman buildings

  • Widespread use of Corinthian order in Roman temples and public buildings
  • Adaptation of Ionic order for more delicate structures
  • Roman innovation of , combining Ionic and Corinthian elements
  • Use of Greek proportional systems in Roman architectural design

Innovations in temple design

  • Roman adaptation of Greek peripteral temple plan to create larger, more imposing structures
  • Development of concrete construction techniques allowed for more varied and complex architectural forms
  • Creation of the Roman , with engaged columns instead of freestanding colonnade
  • Integration of Greek temple forms with Roman engineering (vaulted ceilings, arches) in innovative ways

Painting and mosaics

  • Greek painting traditions heavily influenced Roman wall painting and mosaic design
  • These art forms became integral to Roman interior decoration and visual storytelling
  • Greek-inspired techniques and subjects were adapted to suit Roman tastes and functions

Greek traditions in Roman frescoes

  • Adoption of Greek illusionistic painting techniques in Roman wall decorations
  • Use of Greek mythological scenes and landscapes in Roman fresco cycles
  • Development of the , influenced by Greek precedents
  • Integration of trompe l'oeil effects to create the illusion of architectural space

Hellenistic influences in mosaics

  • Introduction of sophisticated tessellation techniques from Hellenistic centers
  • Adoption of complex figural compositions and mythological subjects in floor mosaics
  • Use of perspective and shading to create three-dimensional effects in mosaic design
  • Development of , central pictorial panels in mosaic floors, often copying famous Greek paintings

Impact on Roman aesthetics

  • Greek artistic influence fundamentally transformed Roman visual culture
  • This shift towards Hellenistic ideals shaped the aesthetic preferences of Roman elites
  • The resulting Greco-Roman style became a hallmark of Augustan cultural policy

Shift towards Hellenistic ideals

  • Increased appreciation for Greek notions of beauty and proportion in Roman art
  • Adoption of more dynamic and expressive sculptural styles
  • Growing interest in Greek philosophy and its influence on artistic representation
  • Emphasis on the nude figure in Roman sculpture, following Greek precedents

Greek art in Roman collections

  • Widespread collecting of Greek artworks by Roman elites
  • Display of Greek sculptures and paintings in public spaces and private villas
  • Creation of Roman copies of famous Greek masterpieces to meet demand
  • Development of connoisseurship and art criticism among Roman collectors

Copying and reproduction practices

  • Establishment of workshops specializing in reproducing Greek sculptures
  • Development of pointing technique to create accurate marble copies
  • Creation of eclectic works combining elements from different Greek originals
  • Adaptation of Greek prototypes to suit Roman tastes and functions

Legacy and cultural exchange

  • The integration of Greek artists in Rome fostered a rich
  • This synthesis of Greek and Roman artistic traditions had a lasting impact on Western art
  • The Greco-Roman style developed during this period became a foundation for later artistic movements

Transmission of artistic knowledge

  • Greek artists established workshops and schools in Rome, training Roman apprentices
  • Writing of art treatises and technical manuals, preserving Greek artistic knowledge
  • Development of a common visual language that spread throughout the Roman Empire
  • Continuation of Greek artistic traditions through Roman patronage and adaptation

Roman patronage of Greek artists

  • Ongoing support for Greek artists and artisans in Rome and throughout the empire
  • Commissioning of Greek artists for major public works and imperial projects
  • Integration of Greek artists into Roman social and professional networks
  • Adaptation of Greek artistic practices to suit Roman cultural and political needs

Greco-Roman artistic synthesis

  • Creation of a new visual language that combined Greek and Roman elements
  • Influence of this synthesis on provincial art throughout the Roman Empire
  • Long-lasting impact on Western art, serving as a model for later classicizing movements
  • Preservation and transmission of Greek artistic achievements through Roman adaptations and copies

Key Terms to Review (30)

Ara Pacis: The Ara Pacis, or Altar of Peace, is a monumental altar dedicated to Pax, the Roman goddess of peace, and was commissioned by the Roman Senate in 13 BCE to honor Augustus's return from Spain and Gaul. This structure is not only an important piece of propaganda celebrating peace and prosperity but also embodies Augustan ideology, reflecting the social, political, and cultural transformations during his reign.
Arcesilas: Arcesilas refers to a prominent Greek sculptor of the Hellenistic period, known for his work that blends classical forms with innovative techniques. His influence reached Rome during the Augustan era, where his style contributed to the development of Roman sculpture and the integration of Greek artistic traditions into Roman culture.
Artistic assimilation: Artistic assimilation refers to the process by which artists adopt and integrate elements from different cultural traditions into their own work. This blending often leads to new styles and forms that reflect a synthesis of influences, showcasing the dynamic nature of creativity. In the context of Greek artists in Rome, this concept highlights how these artists brought their techniques and aesthetics to a new cultural landscape, effectively merging Hellenistic ideals with Roman artistic practices.
Augustus of Primaporta: The Augustus of Primaporta is a famous statue of the first Roman emperor, Augustus, depicting him in a heroic pose that conveys power and authority. This statue is not just an artistic representation but also a political statement, embodying the ideals of the early Roman Empire and the transition to imperial rule.
Augustus' reforms: Augustus' reforms refer to a series of political, social, and cultural changes implemented by the first Roman Emperor, Augustus, during his rule from 27 BCE to 14 CE. These reforms aimed to stabilize the Roman Empire after years of civil war, reorganize the government, promote morality, and enhance the arts and architecture, influencing various aspects of Roman life including governance and public representation.
Composite order: The composite order is a classical architectural style that combines elements of both the Corinthian and Ionic orders, characterized by its ornate capital with acanthus leaves and scroll-like volutes. This style reflects the blending of different artistic traditions, highlighting the cultural exchanges that occurred during periods of monumentalization in architecture, particularly in temple design and the influences from Hellenistic art and Greek artists active in Rome.
Corinthian: Corinthian refers to one of the classical orders of ancient Greek architecture, characterized by its slender columns and ornate capitals adorned with acanthus leaves and scrolls. This style emerged in the late classical period and is distinguished from the other orders, such as Doric and Ionic, by its elaborate decorative elements and elegance. The Corinthian order became popular in Rome, especially during the Augustan period, influencing the design of various structures and monuments.
Cultural exchange: Cultural exchange refers to the mutual sharing of ideas, customs, artistic practices, and technologies between different cultures, leading to enrichment and transformation of both parties involved. This interaction fosters innovation and adaptation, often seen in art, architecture, and social practices, as it allows societies to influence one another while preserving their unique identities. Through this dynamic process, new styles and techniques emerge, showcasing the blending of cultural elements.
Doric: Doric refers to one of the classical orders of ancient Greek architecture, characterized by its sturdy, simple columns with no base and a plain capital. This architectural style emphasizes strength and simplicity, often seen as a reflection of the values of the communities that created it. Doric columns are typically fluted and have a height-to-diameter ratio that gives them a robust appearance, making them ideal for temples and public buildings.
Emblema: An emblema is a decorative element or motif, often set into floors or walls, that consists of a central image surrounded by a border or frame, typically made from various materials like marble or mosaics. These artistic features were popular in Roman architecture and served both aesthetic and symbolic purposes, often illustrating myths, nature, or everyday life. Emblemata were especially prominent in wealthy homes and public buildings, showcasing the craftsmanship of artists and contributing to the overall grandeur of the spaces.
Forum of Augustus: The Forum of Augustus is an ancient public space built in Rome by Emperor Augustus around 2 BCE, designed as a monumental complex to showcase his achievements and reinforce his political power. This forum was strategically positioned adjacent to the Forum of Julius Caesar, symbolizing the continuity and legitimacy of Augustus' rule following the fall of the Roman Republic.
Four Styles of Pompeian Wall Painting: The four styles of Pompeian wall painting refer to the distinct artistic techniques and decorative schemes developed in ancient Pompeii, which can be categorized into the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Styles. These styles showcase a chronological progression of artistic innovation and cultural influences, revealing how Roman artists adapted and evolved Greek painting traditions while also reflecting the social and cultural dynamics of their time.
Hellenization: Hellenization refers to the spread of Greek culture, language, and influence throughout the Mediterranean and Near East, particularly after the conquests of Alexander the Great. This process involved not only the adoption of Greek artistic and architectural styles but also the integration of Greek philosophy, religion, and social customs into local traditions, leading to a blending of cultures. Hellenization played a crucial role in shaping Roman art and architecture by encouraging the copying and adaptation of Greek models while allowing Greek artists to thrive in Rome.
Idealism: Idealism is an artistic and philosophical concept that emphasizes the portrayal of subjects in an idealized manner, often depicting them as more beautiful, noble, or perfect than they are in reality. This approach seeks to convey a sense of beauty and perfection, often rooted in the values and ideals of the society creating the art.
Imperial patronage: Imperial patronage refers to the financial and political support provided by emperors to artists, architects, and craftsmen to create works that promote the imperial image and convey messages of power. This practice was crucial in shaping the cultural landscape of Rome during the imperial period, influencing various forms of artistic expression and public art.
Ionic: Ionic refers to a style of classical architecture characterized by its use of slender, fluted columns and elaborate capitals that feature volutes, or scroll-like ornaments. This architectural style is one of the three classical orders, alongside Doric and Corinthian, and reflects the influence of Greek artistry on Roman building practices during the time when Greek artists were active in Rome.
Mythological allusion: A mythological allusion is a reference to mythological characters, stories, or themes that conveys deeper meanings and connections within a work of art or literature. Such allusions enrich the narrative by drawing parallels between the subject matter and the familiar tales of gods, heroes, and legendary events from mythology, creating layers of significance that enhance the viewer's or reader's understanding.
Neo-attic style: Neo-Attic style refers to a distinct artistic movement that emerged in the late Hellenistic and early Roman periods, characterized by a revival of classical Greek forms and aesthetics, particularly those from the Attic region of Greece. This style was especially influential in sculpture and decorative arts, as it sought to emulate the elegance and refinement of earlier Greek works while also incorporating contemporary elements and techniques.
Pasiteles: Pasiteles was a renowned Greek sculptor who worked in Rome during the late Republic and early Imperial period, particularly noted for his contributions to the development of Hellenistic art in the Roman context. He is often associated with the transition of Greek artistic techniques into Roman sculpture, significantly influencing the artistic landscape of Augustan Rome.
Pax Romana: Pax Romana, meaning 'Roman Peace,' refers to a 200-year period of relative stability and prosperity across the Roman Empire that began with the reign of Augustus in 27 BCE and lasted until around 180 CE. This era is characterized by reduced military expansion, a flourishing economy, and significant advancements in arts and culture, which are critical to understanding the transformation of Rome during and after the establishment of the imperial system.
Polykleitos: Polykleitos was an ancient Greek sculptor from the 5th century BCE, renowned for his mastery of the human form and his development of the classical canon of proportion. His works often embodied the ideals of harmony and balance, making significant contributions to mythological sculpture groups and influencing Greek artists in Rome. He is best known for creating the 'Doryphoros' or 'Spear Bearer,' which exemplified his mathematical approach to sculpture, establishing a standard that many later artists sought to emulate.
Praxiteles: Praxiteles was an ancient Greek sculptor, often regarded as one of the most important figures in classical sculpture. His work is characterized by its graceful proportions and lifelike quality, particularly in the representation of the human figure. Praxiteles' influence extended beyond his lifetime, inspiring subsequent generations of artists and shaping the development of sculpture during the Hellenistic period and into Roman art.
Propaganda: Propaganda refers to the systematic promotion of ideas, information, or beliefs with the intent to influence public opinion and support for a particular agenda. In ancient Rome, especially during the Augustan period, propaganda was used to legitimize power, communicate achievements, and reinforce the status of the emperor and the Roman state.
Pseudoperipteral temple: A pseudoperipteral temple is an architectural style that features a single row of columns at the front and sometimes at the sides, giving the illusion of a fully peripteral design while actually being attached to a solid wall at the back. This design reflects a blending of Greek architectural elements with Roman innovations, showcasing both aesthetic beauty and structural efficiency, often influenced by Hellenistic styles.
Romanization: Romanization refers to the process through which Roman culture, language, and social structures were spread and adopted by the peoples within the Roman Empire. This cultural assimilation facilitated unity across diverse populations, promoting the use of Latin and Roman customs while integrating local traditions into a broader imperial identity. It was particularly prominent during periods of peace and stability, encouraging local elites to adopt Roman ways in exchange for privileges and status.
State-sponsored art: State-sponsored art refers to artistic works that are funded and promoted by government entities, typically to serve political, ideological, or social purposes. This type of art often reflects the values and narratives that the state wishes to convey, utilizing artistic expression as a tool for propaganda and cultural identity. Such sponsorship can lead to the promotion of certain styles or themes while sidelining others, influencing how history and culture are presented.
Stephanus: Stephanus refers to a type of laurel wreath or crown in ancient Roman culture, often awarded as a symbol of victory and honor. It was commonly given to victors in athletic competitions and military leaders, signifying achievement and excellence. The stephanus was a prominent motif in both art and architecture, especially during the time when Greek artists were active in Rome, symbolizing the cultural exchange between these two civilizations.
Theater of Marcellus: The Theater of Marcellus is an ancient open-air theater in Rome, commissioned by Augustus in honor of his nephew Marcellus, who died young. This structure is a prime example of Roman engineering and architecture, showcasing the transition from Greek to Roman styles and illustrating the cultural and political importance of theater in society.
Venus Genetrix: Venus Genetrix is a title given to the Roman goddess Venus, emphasizing her role as the mother of the Roman people, particularly in connection to Julius Caesar and the Julian family. This concept reinforced the idea of divine lineage and connection to the gods, which was central to Augustan propaganda and identity.
Verism: Verism is an artistic style that emphasizes realistic portrayal, often highlighting the subject's age, imperfections, and individuality. In the context of Roman art, verism was particularly prevalent during the late Republican period and into the early Imperial era, as it conveyed a sense of authenticity and moral integrity, often associated with political leaders and public figures.
© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.
Back
Practice QuizGlossary
Practice QuizGlossary
Next guide