Augustus ushered in a cultural renaissance, transforming Rome into a hub of artistic and literary achievement. This period, known as the , blended traditional Roman values with Greek influences, establishing a unique Roman cultural identity.
The cultural revival touched all aspects of Roman life, from literature and art to architecture and religion. Augustus and his advisors actively supported artists and writers, commissioning works that celebrated Rome's mythical origins and imperial destiny while promoting traditional values.
Cultural revival under Augustus
Ushered in a period of artistic and cultural flourishing known as the Augustan Age
Sought to restore traditional Roman values while embracing Greek cultural influences
Established Rome as a cultural center rivaling Hellenistic cities like Alexandria
Augustan age literature
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Roman Propertius and the Reinvention of Elegy View original
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Reconstructive view of the Forum of Augustus during August… | Flickr View original
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Reassembling of the porticoes' attic of the Forum of Augus… | Flickr View original
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Roman Propertius and the Reinvention of Elegy View original
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Reconstructive view of the Forum of Augustus during August… | Flickr View original
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Top images from around the web for Augustan age literature
Roman Propertius and the Reinvention of Elegy View original
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Reconstructive view of the Forum of Augustus during August… | Flickr View original
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Reassembling of the porticoes' attic of the Forum of Augus… | Flickr View original
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Roman Propertius and the Reinvention of Elegy View original
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Reconstructive view of the Forum of Augustus during August… | Flickr View original
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Emergence of new poetic forms and styles reflecting Augustan ideals
Patronage of writers by Maecenas, Augustus' cultural advisor
Development of uniquely Roman literary genres (satire, elegy)
Works often celebrated Rome's mythical origins and imperial destiny
Patronage of the arts
Augustus and his inner circle actively supported artists and writers
Establishment of artistic workshops and literary circles
Commissioning of public art projects to adorn the city
Patronage system ensured artists aligned their work with Augustan ideology
Revival of Roman values
Emphasis on (duty), (virtue), and (loyalty)
Promotion of traditional family structures and moral behavior
Glorification of Rome's mythical past and destiny
Integration of these values into art, literature, and public monuments
Architectural innovations
Transformed Rome from a city of brick to a city of marble
Introduced new architectural forms blending Greek and Roman elements
Established a distinctly Roman architectural language that spread throughout the empire
New building materials
Widespread use of concrete () in construction
Introduction of marble quarried from Luna (modern Carrara)
Development of brick-faced concrete ()
Innovations in vaulting techniques allowing for larger interior spaces
Public works projects
Construction of the
Rebuilding and expansion of the Temple of Apollo on the Palatine
Creation of the Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace)
Development of extensive aqueduct system to supply Rome with water
Urban planning initiatives
Division of Rome into 14 administrative regions
Establishment of fire and police services to maintain urban order
Creation of public spaces and gardens for citizen use
Standardization of street widths and building heights
Visual arts renaissance
Blending of Hellenistic influences with distinctly Roman elements
Development of new artistic styles and techniques
Art used as a powerful tool for political messaging and propaganda
Sculpture and portraiture
Creation of the statue, epitomizing
Development of the veristic style in Republican portraiture
Introduction of historical relief sculptures (Ara Pacis friezes)
Proliferation of imperial family portraits throughout the empire
Wall painting styles
Evolution of the of wall painting
Introduction of techniques in Second Style painting
Development of mythological landscape scenes in Third Style
Use of wall paintings to create illusions of architectural space
Decorative arts development
Refinement of cameo glass techniques (Portland Vase)
Production of finely crafted silver tableware (Boscoreale Treasure)
Development of intricate mosaic floor designs
Creation of decorative terracotta reliefs for architectural ornamentation
Religious revitalization
Sought to reinvigorate traditional Roman religious practices
Blended traditional Roman religion with new imperial cult elements
Used religion as a tool for social cohesion and political legitimacy
Temple restoration program
Restoration of 82 temples in Rome claimed by Augustus
Rebuilding of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline
Renovation and expansion of the Temple of Apollo on the Palatine
Construction of new temples dedicated to Mars Ultor and Divine Julius
Imperial cult establishment
Introduction of the cult of the Genius Augusti
Deification of Julius Caesar and establishment of the Temple of
Creation of the role of flamen Augusti for imperial worship
Spread of imperial cult practices throughout the provinces
Traditional rituals revival
Reinstatement of ancient priesthoods (Arval Brethren)
Revival of the Secular Games () in 17 BCE
Promotion of the Vestal Virgins as symbols of Roman purity
Emphasis on proper execution of religious rites and sacrifices
Propaganda and imagery
Developed a sophisticated system of visual and literary propaganda
Created a cohesive imperial iconography that spread throughout the empire
Used imagery to legitimize Augustan rule and promote Roman values
Imperial iconography
Adoption of the laurel wreath as a symbol of victory and peace
Use of the (shield of virtue) to represent Augustan values
Development of the (civic crown) as a symbol of Augustus' role as savior
Creation of standardized imperial portrait types for dissemination
Mythological associations
Emphasis on Augustus' descent from Venus through Aeneas
Association of Augustus with Apollo as patron deity
Use of imagery connecting Augustus to Romulus, Rome's founder
Incorporation of mythological scenes in public art to reinforce imperial ideology
Coins and inscriptions
Introduction of new coin types celebrating Augustan achievements
Use of inscriptions on public monuments to promote imperial ideology
Development of the imperial titulature on coins and inscriptions
Dissemination of Augustan imagery throughout the empire via coinage
Literary golden age
Fostered a period of unparalleled literary achievement in Latin literature
Encouraged works that celebrated Roman history, values, and imperial destiny
Supported the development of new poetic forms and styles
Vergil and the Aeneid
Composition of the as a national epic for Rome
Incorporation of Augustan themes and values into the narrative
Use of the poem to legitimize Augustan rule through mythical connections
Influence of the Aeneid on subsequent Latin literature and Roman identity
Horace's poetry
Development of Roman lyric poetry in the
Composition of the for the Secular Games
Use of 's Satires to comment on Roman society and morals
Promotion of Augustan values and achievements in the poet's works
Livy's historical works
Writing of , a comprehensive history of Rome
Use of exempla (moral examples) from Roman history to promote Augustan values
Emphasis on Rome's destiny and moral superiority in historical narrative
Influence of Livy's work on Roman historiography and national identity
Social and moral reforms
Implemented a series of laws and policies aimed at social regeneration
Sought to address perceived moral decline in Roman society
Used legislation and propaganda to promote traditional family values
Marriage laws
Introduction of the Lex Julia de maritandis ordinibus to encourage marriage
Penalties for unmarried individuals and childless couples
Rewards and privileges for those with multiple children (ius trium liberorum)
Restrictions on marriages between social classes to maintain social order
Family values promotion
Emphasis on the importance of the traditional Roman family structure
Encouragement of high birth rates among the upper classes
Promotion of Augustus and Livia as exemplars of Roman family values
Use of public art and literature to reinforce familial ideals
Public morality campaigns
Enactment of laws against adultery (Lex Julia de adulteriis coercendis)
Regulation of public behavior and dress
Promotion of modesty and sexual restraint in public discourse
Use of literature and art to celebrate moral exemplars from Roman history
Cultural legacy
Established a cultural and artistic paradigm that influenced subsequent generations
Created a distinctly Roman cultural identity that spread throughout the empire
Set standards for imperial patronage and cultural policy
Pax Romana influence
Creation of stable conditions allowing for cultural flourishing
Facilitation of cultural exchange throughout the Mediterranean world
Spread of Roman art, architecture, and literature to the provinces
Establishment of a common cultural language across diverse regions
Augustan style vs predecessors
Shift from the dynamism of Hellenistic art to more restrained classicism
Development of a more formal and idealized portraiture style
Emphasis on symmetry and order in architecture and urban planning
Creation of a distinctly Roman literary voice in poetry and prose
Impact on later emperors
Establishment of a model for imperial patronage of the arts
Influence on imperial building programs and public works projects
Continuation of Augustan imagery and themes in later
Lasting impact on Roman concepts of imperial power and representation
Education and knowledge
Promoted the expansion of educational opportunities and scholarly pursuits
Encouraged the integration of Greek and Roman intellectual traditions
Used education as a means of spreading Roman culture and values
Libraries and scholarship
Establishment of public libraries in Rome (Palatine and Octavian libraries)
Encouragement of scholarly activities and textual criticism
Collection and preservation of important literary and historical works
Patronage of scholars and intellectuals at the imperial court
Rhetorical training
Emphasis on rhetorical education as preparation for public life
Development of a standardized curriculum for oratorical training
Promotion of Latin oratory alongside Greek rhetorical traditions
Use of rhetorical skills in legal, political, and literary contexts
Greek influences integration
Incorporation of Greek educational models into Roman schooling
Encouragement of bilingualism among the Roman elite
Adaptation of Greek literary forms and philosophical ideas
Synthesis of Greek and Roman cultural elements in Augustan art and literature
Key Terms to Review (27)
Ab urbe condita: Ab urbe condita is a Latin phrase meaning 'from the founding of the city,' referring specifically to the year 753 BCE, when Rome was traditionally believed to have been founded. This term represents a chronological framework that historians and Romans used to date events in relation to the establishment of Rome. It encapsulates not just a date but a cultural identity, emphasizing the significance of Rome's origins in shaping its history and influence.
Aeneid: The Aeneid is an epic poem written by the Roman poet Virgil, telling the story of Aeneas, a Trojan hero who journeys to Italy to become the ancestor of the Romans. This work connects deeply with themes of fate, duty, and the divine, making it a cornerstone of Roman literature and culture that reflects significant historical and cultural moments in Roman history.
Ara Pacis: The Ara Pacis, or Altar of Peace, is a monumental altar dedicated to Pax, the Roman goddess of peace, and was commissioned by the Roman Senate in 13 BCE to honor Augustus's return from Spain and Gaul. This structure is not only an important piece of propaganda celebrating peace and prosperity but also embodies Augustan ideology, reflecting the social, political, and cultural transformations during his reign.
Augustan Age: The Augustan Age refers to the period of Roman history during the reign of Emperor Augustus, from 27 BCE to 14 CE, marking a time of significant political stability and cultural flourishing. This era is characterized by advancements in literature, art, architecture, and philosophy, which collectively contributed to a cultural renaissance that reshaped Roman society and influenced future generations.
Augustan Classicism: Augustan Classicism refers to a cultural and artistic movement in Rome during the reign of Emperor Augustus that aimed to revive the ideals of classical Greek art and literature, promoting harmony, balance, and ideal beauty. This movement sought to establish a new aesthetic that celebrated Rome's power and stability while connecting it with the revered traditions of ancient Greece, influencing various aspects of Roman art, architecture, and public representation.
Carmen saeculare: Carmen saeculare is a Latin term that translates to 'secular song' and refers specifically to a hymn composed by the poet Horace in 17 BCE for the Secular Games in Rome. This work was significant as it marked a revival of public religious ceremonies and showcased the cultural renaissance occurring during the Augustan era, celebrating the peace and prosperity established by Augustus. The hymn also emphasizes themes of renewal and continuity, which were central to the artistic and architectural endeavors of the time, including temple construction.
Clipeus virtutis: The clipeus virtutis, or 'shield of virtue,' was an emblematic piece of Roman art that represented the virtues and achievements of a leader, particularly Augustus. This shield often depicted allegorical figures and scenes that celebrated military victories and moral excellence, thus reinforcing the ideals of strength, courage, and piety within the Augustan cultural renaissance and public propaganda.
Corona civica: The corona civica, or civic crown, was a prestigious Roman honor awarded to individuals who saved the life of a fellow citizen in battle. It represented not only bravery but also the values of loyalty and self-sacrifice, embodying the ideals of Roman civic virtue. This award connected to various aspects of Roman culture, including the resurgence of interest in civic responsibility during periods of cultural renaissance, its representation in imperial family portraiture as a symbol of virtue and achievement, and its role in the visual language that conveyed power and authority within the Roman state.
Divus Julius: Divus Julius refers to the deified status of Julius Caesar, established after his assassination in 44 BCE. His transformation into a god was not only a recognition of his accomplishments and legacy but also a political tool used by his adopted heir, Octavian (later known as Augustus), to strengthen his own power and legitimize the new imperial system. The cult of Divus Julius became a symbol of loyalty to the Julian family and played a key role in the cultural renaissance that followed during the Augustan period.
Equestrian statue: An equestrian statue is a sculpture depicting a rider mounted on a horse, often representing a leader or significant figure in history. These statues serve as powerful honorific monuments that celebrate the achievements and authority of the individuals they represent, commonly found in public spaces. They played a key role in expressing political power and cultural values during various historical periods, particularly in the context of the cultural renaissance and the tradition of honorific statues.
Fides: Fides is a Latin term that signifies trust, faithfulness, and loyalty, particularly in the context of personal relationships and obligations. In ancient Rome, it was a fundamental concept that influenced social interactions, political alliances, and the moral fabric of society. It represented not just personal integrity but also the expectation of reliable behavior and accountability in both public and private life.
Forum of Augustus: The Forum of Augustus is an ancient public space built in Rome by Emperor Augustus around 2 BCE, designed as a monumental complex to showcase his achievements and reinforce his political power. This forum was strategically positioned adjacent to the Forum of Julius Caesar, symbolizing the continuity and legitimacy of Augustus' rule following the fall of the Roman Republic.
Four Pompeian Styles: The Four Pompeian Styles refer to the distinct decorative styles of wall painting that emerged in ancient Roman villas, particularly in the city of Pompeii, between the 2nd century BCE and the 1st century CE. These styles illustrate the evolution of Roman art and architecture during a period of cultural renaissance, showcasing various techniques and themes that reflect the tastes and preferences of Roman society. Each style, from the elaborate illusionistic murals to simpler decorative patterns, offers insights into how the Romans expressed their identity and values through visual art.
Horace: Horace was a prominent Roman poet during the time of Augustus, best known for his lyrical poetry and his contributions to the development of Roman literature. His works reflect the cultural and political transformations occurring in Rome as Augustus rose to power, capturing themes of love, friendship, and the appreciation of life's fleeting moments while also subtly promoting the ideals of the Augustan regime.
Imperial portraiture: Imperial portraiture refers to the artistic practice of creating likenesses of emperors and high-ranking officials in ancient Rome, particularly during the Augustan period. This style of portraiture was significant not just for its artistic merit, but also for its role in political propaganda, as it shaped public perception of leadership and authority. Imperial portraiture was instrumental in establishing a visual identity for the emperor and reinforcing their power through idealized representations.
Imperial Propaganda: Imperial propaganda refers to the strategic use of art, architecture, and public displays to promote the ideals and accomplishments of an emperor, particularly during the Augustan period in Rome. This form of communication was designed to shape public perception, legitimize authority, and enhance the emperor's image, often by connecting his rule to divine favor, peace, and prosperity.
Ludi saeculares: Ludi saeculares, or the Secular Games, were a series of public games and festivities in ancient Rome that celebrated the renewal of time and the cycle of generations. They were held every hundred years and involved a mix of theatrical performances, athletic competitions, and religious rituals intended to appease the gods and ensure the prosperity of Rome. This celebration reflects the cultural renaissance of the Augustan period, emphasizing the revival of traditional Roman values and religious practices amidst a backdrop of political transformation.
Odes: Odes are a type of lyrical poetry that express deep emotions, often dedicated to a particular subject, person, or event. In the context of the cultural renaissance during the Augustan period, odes served as a powerful literary form that reflected the values of the time, celebrating themes such as love, nature, and the grandeur of Rome while also reinforcing political ideologies and social norms.
Opus caementicium: Opus caementicium, known as Roman concrete, is a building material made from a mixture of lime mortar, water, and volcanic ash, which enabled the construction of durable and monumental structures in ancient Rome. This innovative material was crucial in the cultural revival during the Augustan period, playing a key role in ambitious architectural projects that transformed Rome into a grand city of monumental buildings.
Opus testaceum: Opus testaceum refers to a Roman building technique that employs fired bricks laid in a specific pattern, often used in the construction of walls and other structures. This technique was a significant development during the Augustan period, marking a shift toward more durable and aesthetically pleasing architectural designs that showcased the power and sophistication of Roman engineering.
Pantheon: The Pantheon is a monumental temple in Rome, originally built to honor all the gods of Ancient Rome. It stands as a prime example of Roman architecture, symbolizing the merging of religious and civic life during the Augustan era, reflecting the cultural renaissance and innovative building techniques that characterized this period.
Pax Romana: Pax Romana, meaning 'Roman Peace,' refers to a 200-year period of relative stability and prosperity across the Roman Empire that began with the reign of Augustus in 27 BCE and lasted until around 180 CE. This era is characterized by reduced military expansion, a flourishing economy, and significant advancements in arts and culture, which are critical to understanding the transformation of Rome during and after the establishment of the imperial system.
Pietas: Pietas refers to a Roman virtue embodying duty, loyalty, and devotion, particularly to family, gods, and the state. This concept became prominent during the Augustan era as it symbolized the moral foundation of society, emphasizing the importance of fulfilling one’s obligations. It was closely tied to the ideals of Augustus, who promoted pietas as essential for restoring traditional values and stability in Rome.
Prima Porta Augustus: The Prima Porta Augustus is a renowned marble statue of the first Roman emperor, Augustus, standing in a commanding pose that represents his authority and divinity. This iconic sculpture not only reflects the political ideology of the Augustan age but also showcases the artistic developments during the cultural renaissance of Rome, emphasizing idealized forms, classicism, and detailed drapery.
Trompe l'oeil: Trompe l'oeil is an artistic technique that uses realistic imagery to create the optical illusion that depicted objects exist in three dimensions. This method has been widely used in architecture and painting, especially during periods of cultural revival when artists sought to enhance the viewer's experience through illusion and depth. The technique not only showcases artistic skill but also engages viewers by transforming flat surfaces into seemingly three-dimensional spaces.
Virgil: Virgil was a Roman poet best known for his epic poem, the 'Aeneid,' which tells the story of Aeneas, a Trojan hero and ancestor of the Romans. His work is deeply connected to the themes of national identity and the glorification of Rome during the Pax Romana, reflecting the cultural renaissance initiated by Octavian/Augustus and showcasing a synthesis of Greek and Roman styles in literature and art.
Virtus: Virtus is a Latin term that embodies the Roman ideals of courage, valor, and moral excellence. It represents not only physical bravery but also ethical conduct and the pursuit of excellence in all aspects of life. The concept was integral to Roman identity, influencing various cultural and artistic expressions during the Augustan period, as it was linked to the ideals promoted by Augustus and reflected in public imagery, mythological sculptures, and personifications of virtues.