Glossary

8.6 Modern and contemporary approaches to symbolic portraiture

8 min read•august 21, 2024

Modern symbolic portraiture evolved from traditional art, incorporating personal and cultural symbols to explore the psyche. Artists began using abstract forms and unconventional techniques to convey complex meanings, rejecting established .

Surrealists like Dali and Magritte pushed boundaries, creating enigmatic images that challenged perception. Abstract expressionists, pop artists, and feminist painters further expanded symbolic representation, addressing social issues and individual identity through innovative approaches.

Origins of modern symbolism

  • Explores the shift from traditional representational art to more abstract and psychological approaches in portraiture
  • Examines how artists began to incorporate personal, cultural, and unconscious symbols into their work
  • Reflects the changing artistic landscape of the early 20th century, influenced by societal changes and scientific discoveries

Influence of psychoanalysis

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  • Sigmund Freud's theories of the unconscious mind inspired artists to explore hidden meanings and symbolism
  • Dream imagery and free association techniques incorporated into artistic practices
  • Carl Jung's concept of archetypes influenced symbolic representations in portraiture
  • Artists began to use personal symbols to represent complex psychological states ('s melting clocks)

Rejection of traditional iconography

  • Artists moved away from established symbolic systems used in religious and historical paintings
  • Experimentation with new forms of visual language to convey meaning
  • Abstraction and distortion of familiar objects to create new symbolic associations
  • Emphasis on individual interpretation and subjective meaning in artwork

Surrealist symbolic portraiture

  • Explores the intersection of dreams, reality, and the subconscious in portrait art
  • Challenges conventional notions of representation by juxtaposing unexpected elements
  • Utilizes symbolism to create enigmatic and thought-provoking images that defy logical interpretation

Dali's paranoid-critical method

  • Technique developed by Salvador Dali to access the subconscious mind
  • Involves inducing paranoid states to create multiple interpretations of a single image
  • Resulted in complex, layered symbolism in Dali's portraits ()
  • Incorporates autobiographical elements and recurring motifs (soft watches, ants)

Magritte's visual paradoxes

  • René Magritte's approach to symbolic portraiture focused on creating visual puzzles
  • Juxtaposition of ordinary objects in unexpected contexts to challenge perception
  • Use of recurring symbols (bowler hat, apple) to create a personal visual vocabulary
  • Exploration of the relationship between words, images, and meaning ()

Abstract expressionism vs symbolism

  • Examines the tension between non-representational art and symbolic meaning in mid-20th century American art
  • Explores how abstract artists incorporated symbolism into seemingly non-objective works
  • Investigates the role of color, gesture, and scale in conveying emotional and spiritual content

Rothko's color field symbolism

  • 's large-scale paintings use color relationships to evoke emotional responses
  • Abstracted forms and layered colors create a sense of depth and transcendence
  • Rothko's work often associated with spiritual or meditative experiences
  • Use of specific color combinations to symbolize different emotional states ()

Pollock's gestural symbolism

  • 's drip paintings embody the artist's physical movements and energy
  • Chaotic patterns and layered paint create a sense of depth and movement
  • Pollock's work often interpreted as symbolizing the unconscious mind or cosmic forces
  • Use of specific colors and techniques to convey different moods or states of being ()

Pop art's symbolic portraiture

  • Explores how popular culture imagery and mass media influenced symbolic representation in art
  • Examines the transformation of everyday objects and icons into symbols of consumer culture
  • Investigates the role of repetition and reproduction in creating new symbolic meanings

Warhol's celebrity iconography

  • 's portraits of famous figures transformed celebrities into symbolic representations of fame and consumer culture
  • Use of repetition and color variations to create multiple interpretations of a single image ()
  • Exploration of the relationship between individual identity and public persona
  • Incorporation of commercial printing techniques to comment on mass production and media saturation

Lichtenstein's comic book symbolism

  • 's adaptation of comic book imagery to create large-scale paintings
  • Use of Ben-Day dots and bold outlines to mimic commercial printing techniques
  • Transformation of everyday scenes into symbolic representations of American culture
  • Exploration of gender roles and romantic relationships through stylized imagery ()

Feminist approaches to symbolism

  • Examines how female artists have used symbolism to challenge traditional representations of women in art
  • Explores the use of personal and cultural symbols to address issues of gender, identity, and power
  • Investigates the role of the female body as both subject and symbol in feminist art

Kahlo's personal mythology

  • 's self-portraits incorporate elements of Mexican folk art and personal symbolism
  • Use of animals, plants, and anatomical imagery to represent emotional and physical states
  • Exploration of identity, gender, and cultural heritage through symbolic self-representation
  • Recurring motifs (monkeys, thorns, roots) used to create a complex personal iconography ()

Chicago's dinner party symbolism

  • 's installation "" uses symbolic imagery to celebrate women's achievements
  • Incorporates traditional "feminine" crafts (embroidery, ceramics) to challenge art world hierarchies
  • Each place setting features symbolic representations of historical and mythical women
  • Use of vulvar and butterfly imagery to represent female empowerment and transformation

Postmodern symbolic portraiture

  • Explores how contemporary artists have reinterpreted and subverted traditional notions of portraiture and symbolism
  • Examines the role of appropriation, pastiche, and irony in creating new symbolic meanings
  • Investigates the impact of digital technology and mass media on symbolic representation

Cindy Sherman's identity exploration

  • 's self-portraits explore multiple identities and cultural stereotypes
  • Use of costumes, makeup, and props to create fictional characters and scenarios
  • Challenges traditional notions of portraiture and self-representation
  • Incorporates references to art history, film, and popular culture to create layered symbolic meanings ()

Koons' kitsch symbolism

  • ' work transforms everyday objects and pop culture icons into monumental sculptures
  • Use of industrial materials and techniques to create highly polished, reflective surfaces
  • Exploration of consumerism, celebrity culture, and the art market through exaggerated forms
  • Incorporation of religious and mythological imagery to create new symbolic associations ()

Digital age symbolic portraiture

  • Examines how digital technologies have influenced the creation and interpretation of symbolic portraits
  • Explores the role of social media and virtual identities in shaping contemporary notions of self-representation
  • Investigates the impact of artificial intelligence and machine learning on artistic creation and symbolism

Virtual identity symbolism

  • Artists create digital avatars and virtual personas as symbolic representations of identity
  • Use of 3D modeling and animation techniques to explore fluid and mutable identities
  • Incorporation of gaming aesthetics and virtual reality environments in portrait creation
  • Exploration of the relationship between physical and digital selves (LaTurbo Avedon's virtual artist persona)

Social media self-representation

  • Examines how social media platforms have influenced symbolic self-portraiture
  • Use of filters, hashtags, and emojis as new forms of symbolic language
  • Exploration of the curated self and the performance of identity online
  • Artists appropriate and subvert social media conventions to create critical commentary (Amalia Ulman's "Excellences & Perfections" Instagram performance)

Global perspectives on symbolism

  • Explores how artists from diverse cultural backgrounds incorporate symbolism into contemporary portraiture
  • Examines the intersection of traditional cultural symbols with global art trends
  • Investigates the role of symbolism in addressing issues of identity, colonialism, and cultural hybridity

African symbolic portraiture

  • Contemporary African artists blend traditional symbolism with modern artistic techniques
  • Use of masks, textiles, and body adornment as symbolic elements in portraiture
  • Exploration of post-colonial identity and cultural heritage through symbolic representation
  • Artists like incorporate African textiles and historical references to create complex symbolic narratives

Asian contemporary symbolism

  • Asian artists reinterpret traditional symbols and iconography in contemporary contexts
  • Incorporation of calligraphy, historical artifacts, and religious imagery in portraiture
  • Exploration of rapid social and technological change through symbolic representation
  • Artists like create self-portraits that blend Eastern and Western art historical references

Conceptual art and symbolism

  • Examines how conceptual artists have challenged traditional notions of symbolism and representation
  • Explores the use of language, ideas, and processes as symbolic elements in art
  • Investigates the role of documentation and instruction in creating symbolic meaning

Kosuth's linguistic symbolism

  • 's work explores the relationship between language, objects, and meaning
  • Use of dictionary definitions and tautological statements to create self-referential artworks
  • Incorporation of neon text and photographic reproductions to question representation
  • Exploration of the arbitrary nature of symbols and signs (One and Three Chairs)

Beuys' material symbolism

  • used specific materials (felt, fat, copper) as symbolic elements in his work
  • Creation of a personal mythology and symbolic system based on his wartime experiences
  • Use of performance and installation to activate symbolic materials and objects
  • Exploration of the relationship between art, society, and spiritual transformation (I Like America and America Likes Me)

Performance art symbolism

  • Explores how performance artists use their bodies and actions as symbolic elements
  • Examines the role of ritual, repetition, and duration in creating symbolic meaning
  • Investigates the relationship between artist, audience, and space in performance-based symbolism

Body as symbolic medium

  • Artists use their bodies as canvases for symbolic representation and transformation
  • Incorporation of body modification, prosthetics, and technology to explore identity and embodiment
  • Use of endurance and physical limits to create symbolic experiences
  • Artists like use their bodies to explore themes of vulnerability and human connection (The Artist is Present)

Ritual and symbolic gestures

  • Performance artists create symbolic rituals and repetitive actions to convey meaning
  • Use of everyday objects and actions transformed into symbolic gestures
  • Exploration of cultural, religious, and personal rituals in artistic contexts
  • Artists like incorporate elements of nature and indigenous rituals in their symbolic performances (Silueta Series)

Installation art symbolism

  • Examines how artists create immersive environments and spatial arrangements as symbolic experiences
  • Explores the use of found objects, light, sound, and technology in creating symbolic spaces
  • Investigates the role of audience participation and interaction in generating symbolic meaning

Environmental symbolic portraiture

  • Artists create large-scale installations that function as symbolic self-portraits or collective representations
  • Use of natural materials, architectural elements, and site-specific interventions
  • Exploration of memory, history, and place through symbolic environments
  • Artists like create web-like installations that symbolize connections and personal histories (The Key in the Hand)

Immersive symbolic experiences

  • Creation of multi-sensory environments that engulf viewers in symbolic narratives
  • Use of projection mapping, virtual reality, and interactive technologies
  • Exploration of collective memory, cultural identity, and social issues through immersive symbolism
  • Artists like create dreamlike video installations that symbolize inner psychological states (Pixel Forest)

Key Terms to Review (42)

Allegory: An allegory is a narrative technique in which characters, events, and details represent abstract ideas or concepts, conveying deeper moral, social, or political meanings. This form of expression often intertwines with symbolism, allowing artists to depict complex themes through concrete representations and encouraging viewers to derive personal interpretations.
Ana Mendieta: Ana Mendieta was a Cuban-American artist known for her groundbreaking work in performance art, video art, and earthworks, focusing on themes of identity, feminism, and cultural displacement. Her art often used the natural landscape as a canvas for exploring personal and collective experiences, particularly those related to her Cuban heritage and the immigrant experience. Mendieta’s works are significant within modern and contemporary symbolic portraiture as they convey deep emotional narratives and social commentary through the use of her own body and natural materials.
Andy Warhol: Andy Warhol was a leading figure in the Pop Art movement, known for his innovative and provocative exploration of consumer culture, mass media, and celebrity. He transformed everyday objects and iconic images into art, using techniques like silkscreen printing, which symbolized the blending of commercial and fine art. His work often reflects a commentary on the superficiality of fame and the commodification of culture, making him a significant influence in modern artistic expression.
Balloon dog: A balloon dog is a large-scale sculpture created by artist Jeff Koons that resembles a shiny, inflated dog made from twisted balloons. This artwork is emblematic of modern and contemporary approaches to symbolic portraiture, where everyday objects and playful imagery are transformed into high art, challenging traditional notions of value and meaning.
Blue Poles: Blue Poles is a significant abstract painting created by American artist Jackson Pollock in 1952, known for its dynamic composition and use of color, particularly the striking blue lines that give the work its name. This painting exemplifies the shift towards modern approaches in symbolic portraiture by emphasizing emotional expression and the relationship between color and form over traditional representation.
Chiharu Shiota: Chiharu Shiota is a contemporary Japanese artist known for her immersive installations that use thread and found objects to explore themes of memory, absence, and identity. Her work often creates symbolic portraits of human experiences, reflecting emotional landscapes and connections between people and their environments.
Cindy Sherman: Cindy Sherman is a contemporary American artist known for her conceptual photography that challenges traditional notions of identity, gender, and representation. Through a series of self-portraits, she creates various characters and personas, prompting viewers to question the nature of authenticity in visual art. Sherman's work significantly influences modern approaches to symbolic portraiture and has implications in the realm of symbolic still life by exploring the relationship between the self and constructed imagery.
Color symbolism: Color symbolism refers to the use of colors in art to represent specific ideas, emotions, or concepts, often carrying deeper meanings beyond their visual appeal. Colors can evoke various psychological responses and have cultural significance, influencing the viewer's perception and interpretation of the artwork.
Composition: Composition refers to the arrangement of elements within a work of art that guides the viewer's eye and conveys meaning. It encompasses how different components, such as shapes, colors, and symbols, are organized to create balance, harmony, and a focal point. Understanding composition helps to decode the deeper significance and emotional impact of various artistic expressions.
Contextual Analysis: Contextual analysis refers to the examination of art within the various contexts that influence its creation and interpretation, including historical, cultural, social, and political factors. This approach emphasizes understanding how external elements shape the meaning of a piece, thereby enriching the viewer's understanding of the artwork's significance and symbolism.
Drowning Girl: The Drowning Girl is a notable work by artist Roy Lichtenstein, created in 1963, depicting a young woman in distress as she appears to be submerged in water. This piece is emblematic of the Pop Art movement, blending commercial illustration with fine art to explore themes of femininity, vulnerability, and emotional struggle. It reflects modern and contemporary approaches to symbolic portraiture by using visual narrative and stylized imagery to convey complex feelings and social commentary.
Frida Kahlo: Frida Kahlo was a Mexican painter known for her deeply personal and symbolic self-portraits that often incorporate elements of Mexican culture and surrealism. Her work frequently explores themes of identity, post-colonialism, gender, class, and race in Mexican society, making her an important figure in both art history and feminist discourse.
Iconography: Iconography is the study of symbols and their meanings in art, focusing on how visual elements represent particular ideas, themes, or concepts. It helps in understanding the deeper significance behind artworks, guiding viewers to interpret cultural, historical, and spiritual messages embedded within them.
Jackson Pollock: Jackson Pollock was an influential American painter and a major figure in the Abstract Expressionist movement, known for his unique drip painting technique that emphasizes spontaneity and the physical act of painting. His works focus on the emotional and psychological aspects of art, which connects deeply with symbolic expression and invites viewers to experience the artwork on a personal level.
Jeff Koons: Jeff Koons is an American artist known for his work that explores consumerism, pop culture, and the relationship between art and commercialism. His art often features bright colors, large-scale sculptures, and everyday objects, transforming them into symbolic representations that challenge traditional notions of beauty and value in art. Through his symbolic portraiture and still life works, Koons encourages viewers to reconsider their perceptions of art and its cultural significance.
Joseph Beuys: Joseph Beuys was a revolutionary German artist and a key figure in the Fluxus movement, known for his pioneering work in performance art, sculpture, and installation. His art is often infused with deep symbolic meanings, exploring themes like social sculpture, healing, and the relationship between art and politics, which makes him integral to understanding modern approaches to symbolic portraiture.
Joseph Kosuth: Joseph Kosuth is an influential American artist known for his role in the conceptual art movement, particularly for his exploration of the relationship between language and visual representation. His work often emphasizes the idea that art can be understood through its meaning rather than its physical form, which connects to broader themes of symbolic portraiture by challenging traditional notions of representation and identity.
Judy chicago: Judy Chicago is an influential American artist and educator known for her pioneering work in feminist art, particularly her focus on women's experiences and contributions to culture. Her art often employs symbolism to address themes of identity, gender, and social issues, making her a significant figure in modern portraiture that highlights the lives of women and their narratives.
Marilyn Diptych: The Marilyn Diptych is an iconic artwork created by Andy Warhol in 1962, featuring a silkscreen print of the actress Marilyn Monroe repeated in a grid format. This piece exemplifies Warhol's exploration of celebrity culture and consumerism, highlighting the juxtaposition between the glamorous public persona and the more somber realities of fame. It combines modern techniques with symbolic portraiture to comment on the ephemeral nature of celebrity and mass media.
Marina Abramović: Marina Abramović is a Serbian performance artist known for her pioneering work in the field of performance art, where she explores the relationship between artist and audience, and the limits of the body and mind. Her performances often involve intense physical and emotional experiences that challenge social norms and provoke thought about the nature of art itself. Abramović's work has made significant contributions to modern and contemporary approaches to symbolic portraiture by using her body as a medium for expression and exploration of identity.
Mark Rothko: Mark Rothko was an American painter known for his contributions to Abstract Expressionism, particularly through his large, color field paintings that evoke deep emotional responses. His works often feature luminous blocks of color that engage viewers in a spiritual and introspective experience, bridging the gap between abstraction and symbolism.
Metaphor: A metaphor is a figure of speech that implies a comparison between two unlike things by stating one thing is another, helping to create deeper meanings and associations. This technique can convey complex ideas and emotions by connecting the familiar with the unfamiliar, often enriching visual art with layers of interpretation.
Mythological references: Mythological references are allusions to characters, events, or themes from mythologies that enhance the meaning of a work of art. These references often carry deep cultural significance and can be used to convey ideals, values, or narratives, enriching the symbolism in various forms of portraiture and artistic expression. By invoking mythological elements, artists can create layers of meaning that resonate with viewers on multiple levels.
Pablo Picasso: Pablo Picasso was a Spanish painter, sculptor, and one of the most influential artists of the 20th century, known for co-founding the Cubist movement and his innovative use of symbolism in art. His diverse body of work ranges from early Blue and Rose periods to later works that challenged traditional forms and depicted deeper meanings, especially through monochromatic palettes and allegorical themes.
Pipilotti rist: Pipilotti Rist is a Swiss visual artist known for her innovative video installations that blend colorful visuals, dream-like narratives, and immersive experiences. Her work challenges traditional notions of portraiture by employing video art to express identity, femininity, and the human experience, creating a symbolic language that resonates deeply with viewers.
Postmodernism: Postmodernism is an artistic and cultural movement that emerged in the mid-20th century, characterized by a skeptical, critical approach to concepts of identity, history, and culture. It often deconstructs traditional narratives and embraces a mix of styles and ideas, reflecting a fragmented reality. This movement influences various forms of expression, including visual arts, literature, and architecture, impacting the way symbolism is represented across different mediums.
Psychoanalysis: Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory and therapeutic method developed by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior and feelings. It seeks to uncover repressed thoughts and emotions, exploring the interplay between conscious and unconscious processes. This approach has had a profound impact on modern psychology and art, especially in understanding symbolic representation in portraiture.
Religious iconography: Religious iconography is the visual imagery and symbolism associated with specific religious traditions, which conveys spiritual meanings and narratives. It often includes figures, objects, and scenes that represent divine concepts, saints, and sacred stories, helping to communicate complex theological ideas through accessible imagery. This term is key in understanding how various art forms can embody cultural beliefs and values, particularly in symbolic portraiture and iconographic analysis.
Renaissance: Renaissance refers to the cultural revival that began in Italy in the late 14th century and spread throughout Europe, marking a period of renewed interest in art, literature, science, and humanism. This era is characterized by a focus on classical antiquity and the development of techniques that allowed for more naturalistic representations in various forms of art.
Rothko Chapel: Rothko Chapel is a non-denominational chapel located in Houston, Texas, designed by architect Philip Johnson and decorated with 14 large canvases by abstract painter Mark Rothko. The chapel serves as a space for meditation and reflection, embodying themes of spirituality and existential contemplation, while also illustrating modern approaches to symbolic portraiture through the emotional depth conveyed in Rothko's color fields.
Roy Lichtenstein: Roy Lichtenstein was an American pop artist known for his comic strip-inspired paintings and use of bold colors, flat surfaces, and Ben-Day dots. His work transformed everyday imagery into high art, often incorporating irony and humor to critique consumer culture and the mass media. This approach not only defined the pop art movement but also opened new ways to understand symbolic representation in contemporary portraiture.
Salvador Dali: Salvador Dali was a prominent Spanish surrealist artist known for his dreamlike scenes and bizarre, often hallucinogenic imagery. His work frequently incorporated symbolic elements and explored themes of the subconscious, dreams, and the intersection of reality and fantasy, which are key features of modern and contemporary approaches to symbolic portraiture.
Semiotics: Semiotics is the study of signs, symbols, and their meanings, focusing on how they communicate ideas and concepts in various contexts. It explores how meaning is constructed and interpreted through visual elements, language, and cultural symbols, allowing for a deeper understanding of artistic expression across different movements and styles.
Subjective interpretation: Subjective interpretation refers to the process of analyzing and understanding art through personal feelings, experiences, and biases. This type of interpretation acknowledges that each viewer may derive different meanings from the same artwork based on their individual perspectives, emotions, and cultural backgrounds. It highlights the importance of personal context in shaping one's response to art, particularly in symbolic portraiture where layers of meaning are often embedded.
Surrealism: Surrealism is an artistic and literary movement that emerged in the early 20th century, characterized by the exploration of the unconscious mind, dreams, and the juxtaposition of unexpected elements. This movement sought to challenge the conventional perception of reality by incorporating bizarre imagery and illogical scenes, ultimately aiming to unlock the imagination's potential.
The Dinner Party: The Dinner Party is an iconic installation artwork created by Judy Chicago in the 1970s, symbolizing women's history and achievements through a triangular table set for 39 influential women from history. Each place setting is uniquely designed, incorporating symbolic elements that reflect the identity and contributions of the woman it represents. This work connects to the broader themes of modern portraiture by representing the female experience and contributing to feminist interpretations of symbolism in art.
The persistence of memory: The persistence of memory refers to the concept of time as a fluid and subjective experience, often illustrated through surreal imagery that challenges our conventional understanding of reality. This idea manifests through melting clocks and dreamlike landscapes, symbolizing the instability of time and memory. Artists explore these themes to provoke deeper reflections on human consciousness, perception, and the nature of reality.
The treachery of images: The treachery of images is a concept that challenges the relationship between representation and reality, famously articulated by René Magritte in his painting 'The Treachery of Images,' which features the phrase 'Ceci n'est pas une pipe' ('This is not a pipe'). This idea explores how images can deceive and how they are not the objects they represent, urging viewers to question their perception of reality. It connects deeply with surrealism, where the boundaries between dream and reality blur, and also resonates in modern and contemporary portraiture, where symbolic representation often conveys deeper meanings beyond mere likeness.
The Two Fridas: The Two Fridas is a famous painting by Frida Kahlo that depicts two versions of the artist sitting side by side, representing the duality of her identity and emotional struggles. This artwork explores themes of love, heartbreak, and cultural identity, making it a profound symbol in the context of various symbolic interpretations, including the use of reptiles and amphibians, modern portraiture, and allegorical narratives.
Untitled Film Stills Series: The Untitled Film Stills Series is a collection of 69 black-and-white photographs created by artist Cindy Sherman between 1977 and 1980, showcasing her in various staged roles that evoke the look and feel of film stills. This series critiques the portrayal of women in media, blending elements of identity, performance, and the cinematic world, reflecting on how women are represented and how they often perform roles defined by cultural stereotypes.
Yasumasa Morimura: Yasumasa Morimura is a contemporary Japanese artist known for his provocative reinterpretations of iconic artworks and historical figures, often inserting himself into these images. His work challenges perceptions of identity, culture, and representation by blending photography and performance, exploring themes like gender, race, and the nature of art itself. Morimura’s approach offers a modern lens on symbolic portraiture by deconstructing traditional narratives and roles within art history.
Yinka Shonibare: Yinka Shonibare is a British-Nigerian artist known for his work that explores themes of identity, colonialism, and cultural hybridity, often using vibrant fabrics and historical references. His art challenges traditional notions of portraiture by incorporating African textiles and addressing issues related to race and class within a contemporary context. Shonibare’s pieces often invite viewers to reconsider the narratives surrounding historical figures and events, making them relevant to today’s societal discussions.
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