🖨️Printmaking Unit 9 – Paper and substrate selection

What's This Unit All About?

• Explores the various types of paper and substrates used in printmaking
• Covers the properties and characteristics of different materials
• Teaches how to select the appropriate paper or substrate for specific printing techniques
• Emphasizes the importance of proper handling and storage of materials
• Discusses the environmental impact and sustainability of printmaking materials
  • Encourages the use of eco-friendly and recycled options
  • Highlights the importance of responsible disposal and waste management

Key Terms and Concepts

• Substrate: The surface on which an image is printed (paper, fabric, wood, etc.)
• Grain direction: The alignment of fibers in paper that affects its strength and flexibility
• Sizing: A treatment applied to paper to improve its surface properties and reduce absorbency
• Archival quality: Materials that are acid-free and designed to last for an extended period without deteriorating
• Gsm (grams per square meter): A measure of paper weight and thickness
• Deckle edge: The natural, uneven edge of handmade paper
• Bleed: When the printed image extends beyond the trimmed edge of the paper
• Registration: Aligning multiple layers of a print to ensure proper placement

Types of Paper and Substrates

• Printmaking papers: Specially designed for various printing techniques (etching, lithography, screen printing)
  • Rag paper: Made from cotton or other plant fibers, known for its durability and archival properties
  • Rice paper: Thin, delicate paper often used for Japanese woodblock printing (ukiyo-e)
• Artist papers: High-quality papers suitable for a range of artistic applications (drawing, painting, printmaking)
  • Watercolor paper: Textured paper designed to handle wet media without buckling or warping
  • Bristol board: Smooth, heavy paper ideal for detailed illustrations and prints
• Specialty papers: Unique papers that add visual interest or texture to prints
  • Mulberry paper: Handmade paper with a soft, fibrous texture, often used for chine-collé
  • Metallic paper: Paper with a shimmery, reflective surface that enhances certain printing techniques
• Alternative substrates: Non-paper materials that can be used for printmaking
  • Fabric: Cotton, silk, or synthetic materials that add flexibility and texture to prints
  • Wood: Plywood, MDF, or other wood products suitable for relief printing or woodcut techniques

Properties of Paper and Substrates

• Weight: The thickness and heft of the paper, measured in gsm
  • Heavier papers (300+ gsm) are more stable and resistant to buckling
  • Lighter papers (150-300 gsm) are more flexible and easier to manipulate
• Surface texture: The smoothness or roughness of the paper's surface
  • Smooth papers are ideal for detailed, fine-lined prints
  • Textured papers add tactile interest and can enhance certain printing techniques
• Absorbency: The paper's ability to absorb ink or other media
  • Highly absorbent papers may cause ink to spread or bleed
  • Less absorbent papers allow for sharper, more defined lines and edges
• Color: The base color of the paper, which can affect the overall appearance of the print
  • White papers provide a neutral background for vibrant colors
  • Colored or tinted papers can add depth and dimension to prints
• pH level: The acidity or alkalinity of the paper
  • Acid-free papers (pH 7 or higher) are more archival and resistant to yellowing over time
  • Acidic papers (pH below 7) may degrade more quickly and are not suitable for long-term preservation

Choosing the Right Material for Your Project

• Consider the printing technique: Different techniques require specific paper properties
  • Etching and intaglio: Use sturdy, slightly textured papers that can withstand the pressure of the press
  • Lithography: Choose smooth, even-surfaced papers that allow for consistent ink transfer
  • Screen printing: Opt for papers with good ink absorption and resistance to bleeding
• Determine the desired outcome: Think about the final appearance and feel of the print
  • For a crisp, detailed image, choose a smooth, heavyweight paper
  • For a softer, more organic look, consider textured or handmade papers
• Evaluate archival requirements: If the print is intended for long-term display or collection, select acid-free, archival-quality materials
• Experiment with different options: Try various papers and substrates to discover unique combinations and effects
  • Create test prints on a range of materials to compare results
  • Keep detailed notes on the properties and performance of each material

Printing Techniques and Material Compatibility

• Relief printing (woodcut, linocut): Works well with sturdy, slightly textured papers that can handle the pressure of hand-printing or a press
• Intaglio (etching, engraving, drypoint): Requires papers with good wet strength and the ability to mold into the incised lines of the plate
  • Dampening the paper before printing helps it conform to the plate's surface
• Planographic (lithography, monotype): Uses smooth, evenly surfaced papers that ensure consistent ink transfer from the flat printing surface
• Screen printing: Accommodates a wide range of paper weights and textures, as long as they have adequate ink absorption and minimal bleeding
• Digital printing: Allows for printing on various paper types and alternative substrates, depending on the printer's capabilities
  • Always refer to the manufacturer's recommendations for compatible materials

Handling and Storage Tips

• Always handle paper and substrates with clean, dry hands to avoid transferring oils or dirt
• Store papers flat, preferably in acid-free folders or boxes, to prevent curling or damage
• Protect stored papers from direct sunlight, humidity, and extreme temperatures
  • Ideal storage conditions: 60-70°F (15-21°C) with 30-50% relative humidity
• Use archival-quality materials (acid-free boards, folders, interleaving sheets) for long-term storage
• Avoid using adhesive tapes or labels directly on the paper, as they may cause discoloration or damage over time
• When framing prints, use acid-free matting and backing boards to ensure longevity
• Regularly inspect stored papers for signs of damage, such as mold, insect activity, or yellowing

Sustainability and Environmental Considerations

• Opt for papers made from sustainable sources, such as responsibly managed forests or recycled materials
  • Look for certifications like FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) or PCF (Process Chlorine Free)
• Choose water-based inks and non-toxic solvents to minimize the environmental impact of printing
• Reduce paper waste by carefully planning print layouts and using offcuts for smaller projects or test prints
• Recycle or repurpose used papers and substrates whenever possible
  • Many printmaking papers can be recycled through standard paper recycling programs
  • Explore creative ways to incorporate used materials into new artworks or projects
• Support manufacturers and suppliers who prioritize eco-friendly practices and materials
• Educate yourself and others about the importance of sustainability in printmaking and the arts