🖨️Printmaking Unit 10 – Print editions and numbering

What's This Unit About?

• Covers the fundamentals of print editions and numbering in the context of printmaking
• Explores the historical development and significance of print editions
• Introduces key concepts and terminology used in the field
• Examines various types of print editions and their characteristics
• Explains the different numbering systems used for print editions
  • Includes traditional numbering, Roman numerals, and modern practices
• Discusses techniques and best practices for creating and documenting print editions
• Highlights common mistakes to avoid when numbering and documenting prints
• Illustrates real-world applications and the importance of print editions in the art market

Key Concepts and Terms

• Edition: a set of identical prints made from the same matrix (plate, block, or screen)
• Limited edition: a fixed number of prints produced, after which the matrix is destroyed or altered
• Open edition: prints made without a predetermined limit, often unsigned and unnumbered
• Artist's proof (AP): prints reserved for the artist's personal use or sale, often marked as "AP"
• Bon à tirer (BAT): the final approved proof before the edition is printed, used as a reference for consistency
• Hors commerce (HC): prints not intended for sale, often marked as "HC" and given as gifts or donations
• Cancellation proof: a print made after the matrix has been destroyed or altered, confirming the end of the edition
• Numbering: the practice of assigning unique identifiers to each print within an edition

Historical Context

• Printmaking has been practiced for centuries, with early examples dating back to woodblock printing in ancient China
• The invention of the printing press in the 15th century revolutionized the dissemination of information and art
• Artists such as Albrecht Dürer and Rembrandt popularized printmaking as a fine art medium
  • Dürer's engravings and woodcuts showcased the potential for artistic expression in printmaking
  • Rembrandt's etchings demonstrated the medium's ability to convey light, shadow, and emotion
• The concept of limited editions emerged in the late 19th century, driven by the rise of the middle class and the art market
• 20th-century artists like Pablo Picasso and Andy Warhol embraced printmaking, pushing the boundaries of the medium
  • Picasso experimented with various techniques, including lithography and linocut
  • Warhol's silkscreen prints challenged traditional notions of originality and authorship

Types of Print Editions

• Limited editions: prints produced in a fixed quantity, ensuring scarcity and value
  • Often signed and numbered by the artist
  • Matrix is destroyed or altered after the edition is complete
• Open editions: prints made without a predetermined limit, allowing for ongoing production
  • Generally more affordable than limited editions
  • May not be signed or numbered by the artist
• Monoprints: unique prints created through a combination of printmaking techniques and hand-applied elements
  • Each print is one-of-a-kind, though part of a series
  • Demonstrates the artist's direct involvement in the printmaking process
• Variable editions: prints that incorporate deliberate variations within the edition
  • Artists may alter colors, compositions, or add hand-drawn elements
  • Challenges the notion of identical prints within an edition

Numbering Systems Explained

• Traditional numbering: prints are numbered as a fraction, with the numerator representing the individual print number and the denominator representing the total size of the edition (e.g., 5/50)
• Roman numerals: some artists use Roman numerals for the individual print number (e.g., V/50)
• Separate numbering for artist's proofs: APs are often numbered separately from the main edition (e.g., AP 1/5)
• Hors commerce numbering: HCs may be numbered using Roman numerals or a separate numbering system (e.g., HC III/X)
• Numbering order: prints are typically numbered in the order they are pulled from the matrix
  • Lower numbers are often more desirable to collectors
• Placement of numbering: numbers are usually written in pencil below the image on the left side, with the artist's signature on the right

Techniques and Best Practices

• Document the edition size and any proofs before starting the printing process
• Use a consistent numbering system throughout the edition
• Sign and number prints in pencil to allow for future changes if necessary
• Keep accurate records of the edition, including any variations or cancellations
• Store prints properly to ensure their longevity and prevent damage
  • Use acid-free materials and avoid exposing prints to direct sunlight
• Provide certificates of authenticity or documentation for limited edition prints
• Clearly communicate the edition size and numbering system to potential buyers
• Consider the impact of edition size on the value and collectibility of the prints

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Inconsistent numbering or skipping numbers within the edition
• Exceeding the stated edition size or creating unauthorized "second editions"
• Failing to destroy or alter the matrix after the edition is complete
• Neglecting to document the edition size, proofs, or variations
• Signing and numbering prints in ink, which can be difficult to remove or change
• Misrepresenting open editions as limited editions or vice versa
• Overpricing or undervaluing prints based on edition size alone
• Storing prints improperly, leading to damage or deterioration over time

Real-World Applications

• Print editions are an essential aspect of the art market, influencing the value and collectibility of prints
• Limited editions can serve as a way for artists to generate income while maintaining the integrity of their work
• Numbering systems help establish provenance and authenticity, which is crucial for collectors and institutions
• Print editions allow for the democratic dissemination of art, making it more accessible to a wider audience
• Artists can use print editions to experiment with different techniques and reach new audiences
• Galleries and dealers rely on print editions to create a secondary market for an artist's work
• Museums and private collectors acquire print editions to enhance their holdings and support artists
• Print editions can serve as a foundation for building an artist's reputation and legacy over time