10.3 Folk Dances and Their Accompanying Music
3 min read•august 6, 2024
Folk dances in the Middle East are vibrant expressions of cultural identity. From the lively of the Levant to the spirited of Turkey, these dances bring communities together at celebrations and social gatherings.
Each dance style has unique movements and musical accompaniment. The rhythmic patterns, often played on traditional percussion instruments, guide the dancers' steps. Many dances feature call-and-response elements between and dancers, creating a dynamic performance.
Popular Folk Dances
Dabke
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- Dabke is a traditional Levantine Arab folk dance and genre of music performed at weddings and other joyous occasions
- Dancers form a line or semicircle, holding hands, shoulders or placing hands on their neighbors' waists
- Involves synchronized footwork, stomping, jumping and vocalizations, with the leader at the head of the line performing virtuosic solos (raas)
- Accompaniment features percussion (tablah, ), woodwinds (, , ), vocals and sometimes string instruments (, buzuq)
Halay
- Halay is a folk dance style found in Turkey, Armenia, Kurdistan, and the Balkans, performed at weddings and festivities
- Dancers form a line or circle holding hands, fingers or shoulders, with a lead dancer at the head of the line
- Characterized by synchronized, simple steps to the side or forward and back, with occasional stamping, squatting and shouting
- Accompanied by (large drum) and (double-reed pipe) or other instruments like the oud, , and
Khaleegy
- is a traditional dance from the Gulf states of the Arabian Peninsula, popular at weddings and other celebrations
- Features men or women dancing in pairs or groups, holding thin canes or swords
- Dancers sway and twirl the canes or swords to the rhythm, and may execute fast spins, drops to the floor, and leaps
- Rhythms are fast and syncopated, played on (double-headed drum), (frame drum) and mirwas (small double-headed drum)
Saidi
- is a folkloric dance from Upper Egypt (the Said region), traditionally performed at festivities and social gatherings
- Male dancers wield sticks or canes, engaging in mock combat, while female dancers perform with canes balanced on their heads
- Movements are bouncy and grounded, with hip accents, and footwork that mimics horse-riding
- Accompanied by a small ensemble featuring the (double-reed oboe), (spiked fiddle), and (double-headed drum)
Raqs Baladi
- is a social dance style from Egypt, danced by men and women at festive occasions
- Danced solo, in pairs or small groups, with movements focused on hip articulations, undulations, and shimmies
- Improvised and playful in nature, interacting with the music and audience
- Accompanied by popular songs with driving rhythms, featuring instruments like oud, ney, violin, riq (tambourine) and darbuka
Ceremonial and Spiritual Dances
Zar
- The is a ceremonial dance ritual found in Egypt, Sudan, and the Arabian Peninsula to treat spiritual ailments and possession
- Patients, usually women, dance to special songs and rhythms to induce trance and communicate with spirits
- Ritual is guided by a leader (kodia or sheikha) who determines the types of songs, dances and offerings needed
- Music is played by a small group with tar (frame drum), (leather belt with goat hooves), (lyre) and chanting
Musical Elements
Rhythmic patterns
- Folk dances are often built around repetitive rhythmic patterns or ostinato figures in the accompanying percussion
- Common rhythms include maqsum (4/4), masmoudi (8/4), ayoub (2/4), and chiftetelli (8/4) among others
- Rhythms are played on goblet drums (darbuka, dumbelek), frame drums (riq, tar, bendir) and kettledrums (tabl)
- Dancers' movements are closely attuned to the rhythmic cycles and accents, with transitions or variations signaled by changes in the rhythm
Call and response
- Many folk dances feature between the musicians, vocalist or solo instrumentalist and the dancers
- Dancers may react to accented beats, drum fills, melodic phrases, or lyrics through movement, gestures or vocalizations
- In the dabke, the lawweeh (line leader) often communicates with the drummers to guide the group, cueing transitions to different steps
- In the zar ritual, the kodia sings phrases which are echoed by the chorus and participants as part of the healing ceremony
Key Terms to Review (38)
Arghul: The arghul is a traditional double-reed wind instrument that is commonly used in various forms of Middle Eastern folk music. It consists of two pipes, one of which is slightly longer than the other, and it produces a distinctive sound that is often described as haunting and melodic. The arghul plays an essential role in accompanying folk dances and music, serving to enhance the rhythmic and melodic aspects of traditional performances.
Call and response: Call and response is a musical form where one voice or instrument (the call) is answered by another voice or instrument (the response). This technique fosters interaction and participation, often reflecting cultural traditions and communal values in music. It is especially significant in various musical contexts, enhancing both rhythm and melody while engaging performers and audiences alike.
Clarinet: The clarinet is a woodwind instrument that has a single-reed mouthpiece and a cylindrical body, typically made of wood or plastic. It plays a crucial role in various musical contexts, including folk dances, where it contributes to the lively and expressive nature of the music.
Community celebration: A community celebration is a collective event that brings together members of a community to honor, express, and share cultural heritage, often through music, dance, food, and traditional rituals. These celebrations play an essential role in fostering social bonds and cultural identity among participants, showcasing the vibrant traditions of a community.
Dabke: Dabke is a traditional Levantine folk dance characterized by synchronized group movements, stomping, and the joining of hands in a line or circle. It serves not only as a cultural expression but also as a means of community bonding and celebration, often accompanied by lively music that features rhythmic instruments.
Dance circle: A dance circle is a communal form of dance where participants form a circular formation and engage in choreographed or improvised movements. This social dance structure fosters unity and inclusivity, allowing individuals to perform in the center while others watch and participate in the rhythm through clapping or singing.
Dance troupes: Dance troupes are groups of dancers who come together to perform choreographed routines, often rooted in traditional folk styles. These troupes play a crucial role in preserving and promoting cultural heritage through dance, providing a platform for artistic expression while also fostering community engagement and participation.
Darbuka: The darbuka is a goblet-shaped drum widely used in Middle Eastern music, known for its distinct, sharp tones and versatility across various musical styles. This percussion instrument is integral to both traditional and contemporary music in the region, influencing rhythms and playing techniques that are key to Middle Eastern musical expression.
Davul: The davul is a large double-headed drum that is commonly used in Middle Eastern music, known for its deep and resonant sound. This instrument plays a crucial role in various musical traditions, providing rhythmic support in both ceremonial and social contexts, making it integral to folk music, dance, and ceremonial occasions.
Doumbek: The doumbek is a traditional goblet-shaped drum widely used in Middle Eastern music and folk dances. Known for its distinct, sharp sound, it plays a vital role in providing rhythmic accompaniment for various cultural performances, including weddings, celebrations, and community gatherings. The doumbek's construction typically includes materials like wood or ceramic, contributing to its unique tonal qualities.
Folk Ensemble: A folk ensemble is a group of musicians and dancers who perform traditional music and dances that reflect the cultural heritage of a community or region. These ensembles often include a variety of instruments and may also involve vocalists, all working together to create an engaging and lively performance that celebrates local customs and stories.
Gulf dances: Gulf dances refer to traditional folk dances originating from the Arabian Gulf region, characterized by their lively movements, unique formations, and vibrant music. These dances often serve as a means of cultural expression and community celebration, reflecting the heritage and customs of the Gulf societies through rhythm and choreography.
Halay: Halay is a traditional folk dance originating from the Middle East, particularly associated with Turkey, and is characterized by its lively movements and communal participation. It often features a line or circle formation of dancers who hold hands or shoulders, moving rhythmically to the accompanying music that typically includes instruments like the zurna and davul. The dance serves not only as entertainment but also as a way to strengthen social bonds within communities.
Kanun: The kanun is a traditional Middle Eastern stringed musical instrument that is played by plucking the strings with fingers or plectra. It is an essential part of various musical traditions across the region, providing both melody and harmony, and it has a unique sound that blends beautifully with other instruments. Its role can vary widely, from being featured in solo performances to complementing orchestras in classical forms, and it often accompanies folk dances with its captivating melodies.
Khaleegy: Khaleegy is a traditional folk dance and music style originating from the Arabian Gulf region, particularly associated with the cultures of the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait. This vibrant dance is characterized by its energetic movements, with dancers typically dressed in colorful, flowing garments, often performing in a line or circular formation. The accompanying music features a mix of percussion instruments, hand claps, and melodic lines that create a lively atmosphere for celebration and social gatherings.
Krar: The krar is a traditional stringed musical instrument from East Africa, particularly associated with Ethiopia and Eritrea. It typically has a long neck and a rounded body, resembling a lyre or lute, and is often used to accompany folk music and dances. The krar holds cultural significance and is integral to community celebrations, storytelling, and preserving oral traditions.
Levantine Dances: Levantine dances refer to a variety of traditional folk dances originating from the Levant region, which includes countries like Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Palestine. These dances often reflect the cultural diversity and historical influences of the area, featuring intricate movements and rhythms that are accompanied by live music, showcasing the rich musical heritage of the Middle East.
Line Dancing: Line dancing is a choreographed dance in which participants perform a series of steps in lines or rows, typically facing the same direction. This form of dance often involves repeated sequences of movements that are set to music, allowing dancers to synchronize their movements and create a visually striking performance. It is commonly associated with folk dances and social gatherings, where groups come together to enjoy the rhythm and camaraderie of dancing.
Mangour: Mangour refers to a specific rhythmic pattern commonly used in the folk music of the Middle East, often associated with traditional dance forms. This rhythmic cycle serves as the backbone for many folk dances, providing a lively and engaging pulse that encourages participation and movement. The mangour can vary in tempo and complexity, reflecting the cultural significance and regional characteristics of the music it accompanies.
Maqam: Maqam is a system of melodic modes used in Middle Eastern music that serves as the foundation for composition and improvisation. Each maqam consists of specific intervals, characteristic phrases, and emotional qualities that guide musicians in their performances, connecting them deeply to the cultural and historical contexts of the region.
Mijwiz: The mijwiz is a traditional Middle Eastern double-reed wind instrument that is commonly associated with folk music in the region. It is particularly recognized for its distinct sound, which is created by two cane reeds that vibrate against each other, producing a rich and resonant tone. The mijwiz plays an important role in regional folk styles, accompanying various dances and celebrations, and has also found its place in popular music scenes across countries like Egypt and Lebanon.
Mizmar: The mizmar is a traditional woodwind instrument widely used in Middle Eastern music, particularly in folk and celebratory contexts. Characterized by its distinct, high-pitched sound, the mizmar is often played alongside other instruments and accompanies various forms of dance, enhancing the festive atmosphere of gatherings.
Musicians: Musicians are individuals who create, perform, or compose music, often playing instruments or singing as part of their craft. They play a crucial role in cultural expression, especially in folk dances where music enhances the movement and storytelling, providing an emotional backdrop and facilitating community bonding.
Open-air festival: An open-air festival is a large public event that takes place outdoors, typically featuring a variety of activities such as music performances, dance, food stalls, and cultural exhibitions. These festivals often celebrate regional traditions and communal practices, creating a vibrant atmosphere where people can gather to enjoy folk dances and their accompanying music.
Oud: The oud is a traditional Middle Eastern string instrument that resembles a lute and is known for its pear-shaped body, short neck, and lack of frets. It plays a crucial role in various musical styles across the region, serving as a fundamental instrument for both improvisation and composition.
Raqs baladi: Raqs baladi is a traditional form of folk dance originating from Egypt, characterized by its improvisational style and expressive movements. It serves as a cultural expression for the local community, often performed at social gatherings and celebrations. This dance is deeply connected to the accompanying music, which features rhythmic patterns and melodies that enhance the lively and interactive nature of the performance.
Rebab: The rebab is a traditional bowed string instrument widely used in Middle Eastern music, featuring a distinctive sound that is integral to various musical genres across the region. This instrument often serves as a soloist's voice, bridging folk traditions and classical styles, and plays a crucial role in ensemble settings, enhancing both melody and rhythm.
Rhythm patterns: Rhythm patterns refer to the specific sequences of sounds and silences that create a structured flow in music. They are essential in folk dances, as they not only provide the tempo and pulse but also enhance the overall mood and style of the performance, allowing dancers to express their movements in time with the music.
Saidi: Saidi is a traditional folk dance and music style originating from Upper Egypt, characterized by its energetic movements and the use of the tabla (drum) and other instruments. This dance is often performed during celebrations and social gatherings, reflecting the cultural identity of the Saidi people and their connection to the agrarian lifestyle of the Nile Valley.
Shababa: Shababa refers to a specific genre of folk dance music that is popular in various Middle Eastern cultures, often associated with lively and energetic performances. This type of music typically accompanies traditional folk dances and is characterized by rhythmic patterns that encourage participation and celebration, making it a staple in social gatherings and festive occasions.
Social bonding: Social bonding refers to the emotional connections and relationships that form between individuals within a community or group, fostering a sense of belonging and unity. This concept is essential in understanding how cultural practices, such as folk dances, create shared experiences that enhance interpersonal ties and promote collective identity among participants.
Solo improvisation: Solo improvisation is a spontaneous and creative musical expression where an individual musician performs without pre-composed material, often showcasing their technical skill and emotional interpretation. This practice is essential in various musical contexts, allowing performers to interact with the music, express individuality, and engage deeply with their instrument and audience.
Tabl: Tabl is a traditional percussion instrument widely used in folk music of the Middle East, particularly in various dance forms. It consists of a circular wooden frame covered with animal skin, which produces rich and resonant sounds when struck. The tabl plays a crucial role in accompanying folk dances, providing rhythm and enhancing the overall musical experience.
Tabla baladi: The tabla baladi is a traditional Egyptian drum that plays a central role in folk music and dance, particularly in rural settings. This instrument is characterized by its deep, resonant sound and is typically played with the hands, producing intricate rhythms that accompany various forms of folk dances, enhancing the overall festive atmosphere of these celebrations.
Tar: The tar is a traditional Persian stringed instrument, known for its distinct sound and significant role in Persian music. It has a long neck, a rounded body, and is typically made from mulberry wood, with strings that are traditionally made from gut or nylon. The tar's unique timbre and expressive capabilities make it a key instrument in various musical genres, contributing to both instrumental and vocal traditions.
Traditional music: Traditional music refers to the music that has been passed down through generations within a culture, often reflecting the history, customs, and values of that community. This type of music is characterized by its oral transmission, use of local instruments, and incorporation of folk themes that resonate with the everyday lives of the people. It often serves as a medium for cultural expression and community identity.
Zar: Zar is a traditional ritual dance and music performance practiced mainly in parts of North Africa and the Middle East, particularly associated with healing practices and spiritual beliefs. This unique form of expression often involves collective participation, where communities come together to address issues like mental illness or emotional distress, showcasing a blend of dance, music, and cultural symbolism that creates a powerful communal experience.
Zurna: The zurna is a double-reed woodwind instrument commonly found in the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Balkans. Known for its piercing and powerful sound, the zurna is often played during festive occasions and dances, making it a vital component of various musical traditions across the region.