4.3 Andean folk music

Andean folk music blends indigenous traditions with Spanish and African influences. Rooted in Quechua and Aymara cultures, it features unique instruments like the quena flute and charango guitar, along with distinctive rhythms and pentatonic scales.

This rich musical tradition plays a vital role in Andean community life, accompanying festivals and rituals. It has also influenced popular culture, fusing with other genres and gaining recognition in the world music scene.

Origins of Andean folk music

• Andean folk music has its roots in the indigenous cultures of the Andes region, particularly the Quechua and Aymara peoples
• The music has been influenced by various cultural and historical factors, including the Spanish colonial period and the African diaspora in coastal regions
• Andean folk music serves as an important cultural expression and means of preserving traditional values and beliefs

Quechua and Aymara influences

• Quechua and Aymara are the two main indigenous groups that have shaped Andean folk music
• These cultures have contributed traditional instruments, such as the quena (flute) and charango (small guitar)
• Quechua and Aymara musical traditions often feature pentatonic scales and the use of parallel thirds and sixths in harmony
• The music is closely tied to religious beliefs and rituals, such as the worship of Pachamama (Mother Earth)

Spanish colonial influences

• The Spanish colonial period (16th-19th centuries) had a significant impact on Andean folk music
• Spanish musical elements, such as the guitar and European harmonic structures, were introduced and incorporated into traditional Andean music
• The Spanish also brought Catholic religious music, which influenced the development of genres like the yaraví and huayno
• The blending of indigenous and Spanish musical elements created new hybrid forms and styles

African influences in coastal regions

• The African diaspora, resulting from the transatlantic slave trade, has had a notable influence on Andean folk music in coastal regions
• African rhythms and percussion instruments, such as the cajón (box drum), have been incorporated into Andean musical traditions
• The syncopated rhythms and polyrhythmic structures found in some Andean genres can be traced back to African influences
• The mixing of African, indigenous, and European elements has contributed to the richness and diversity of Andean folk music in coastal areas

Traditional Andean instruments

• Andean folk music is characterized by a wide variety of traditional instruments, each with its own unique sound and cultural significance
• These instruments are often handcrafted using natural materials such as wood, bone, and bamboo
• Many Andean instruments have been used for centuries and are deeply connected to the region's history and cultural identity

Wind instruments

• Quena: An end-blown flute made from bamboo or wood, known for its haunting and expressive sound
• Zampoña: A type of panpipe consisting of multiple reed tubes of varying lengths, played by blowing across the top of the tubes
• Ocarina: A small, egg-shaped ceramic or clay flute with finger holes, producing a soft and mellow tone
• Pututu: A conch shell trumpet used in ceremonial contexts and to signal important events

String instruments

• Charango: A small, ten-stringed guitar-like instrument made from an armadillo shell or wood, known for its bright and lively sound
• Ronroco: A larger version of the charango, with a lower pitch and deeper tone
• Bandurria: A flat-backed, pear-shaped instrument with 12-14 strings, similar to a mandolin
• Arpa andina: A large, triangular harp played in Andean folk ensembles, providing harmonic accompaniment

Percussion instruments

• Bombo: A large, double-headed drum played with mallets, providing a deep and resonant bass sound
• Cajón: A box-shaped percussion instrument played by slapping the front face with hands, originally from Peru
• Chajchas: A type of rattle made from goat hooves or sheep toenails, attached to a woven band and worn around the ankles
• Wankara: A small, handheld drum made from animal skin stretched over a wooden or metal frame, used in festive contexts

Rhythmic characteristics

• Andean folk music is known for its complex and varied rhythmic structures, which often differ from Western classical music
• The rhythms are closely tied to the dance traditions of the region and play a crucial role in the overall feel and energy of the music

Syncopation and hemiola

• Syncopation, or the emphasis on the off-beats, is a common feature in Andean folk music
• This creates a lively and energetic feel, often associated with dance genres like the huayno and carnavalito
• Hemiola, a rhythmic pattern in which two beats are played against three, is also frequently used
• The interplay between syncopation and hemiola adds to the rhythmic complexity and interest of Andean folk music

Polyrhythms in Andean music

• Polyrhythms, or the simultaneous use of multiple rhythmic patterns, are a defining characteristic of Andean folk music
• Different instruments often play contrasting rhythms, creating a rich and layered texture
• For example, the bombo drum might play a steady beat while the charango plays a syncopated pattern on top
• Polyrhythms are particularly evident in genres like the diablada, where multiple percussion instruments interact in complex ways

Melodic and harmonic features

• Andean folk music has distinct melodic and harmonic characteristics that set it apart from other musical traditions
• These features are closely linked to the instruments used and the cultural context in which the music is performed

Pentatonic scales in Andean melodies

• Many Andean melodies are based on pentatonic scales, which consist of five notes per octave
• The most common pentatonic scale used in Andean music is the minor pentatonic scale (e.g., A C D E G)
• Pentatonic scales give Andean melodies a distinctive sound, often described as haunting or nostalgic
• The use of pentatonic scales can be traced back to the indigenous Quechua and Aymara musical traditions

Parallel thirds and sixths harmonies

• Andean folk music often features the use of parallel thirds and sixths in its harmonic structures
• This means that two voices or instruments play melodies that are a third or a sixth apart, moving in the same direction
• Parallel thirds and sixths create a rich and consonant sound, contributing to the overall warmth and emotional depth of the music
• This harmonic technique is particularly evident in genres like the yaraví, where two voices sing in close harmony

Andean musical genres and styles

• Andean folk music encompasses a wide range of genres and styles, each with its own distinct characteristics and cultural significance
• These genres often have strong ties to specific regions, communities, and social contexts

Huayno: popular folk dance genre

• Huayno is one of the most popular and widespread Andean folk dance genres, found in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and northern Chile
• It is characterized by a lively, upbeat tempo and a simple, repetitive melodic structure
• Huaynos are often performed during festive occasions and social gatherings, with couples dancing in a circular formation
• The music typically features the charango, quena, and bombo, along with vocals sung in Quechua or Spanish

Yaraví: melancholic and expressive style

• Yaraví is a slow, melancholic, and highly expressive musical style that originated in the Andean regions of Peru and Bolivia
• It is characterized by its poetic lyrics, which often deal with themes of love, loss, and nostalgia
• Yaravíes are typically performed by a solo singer accompanied by the charango or guitar, with the melody often featuring long, sustained notes and ornamental flourishes
• The style is known for its emotional depth and ability to convey a sense of longing and sadness

Carnavalito: festive carnival music

• Carnavalito is a lively and festive musical genre associated with the carnival celebrations in the Andean regions of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile
• It is characterized by its fast tempo, syncopated rhythms, and the use of the charango, quena, and bombo
• Carnavalitos often feature call-and-response singing and playful, humorous lyrics that celebrate the joy and excitement of the carnival season
• The music is accompanied by colorful dances and elaborate costumes, making it an integral part of the carnival experience

Diablada: music for religious festivals

• Diablada is a type of music and dance associated with religious festivals in the Andean regions, particularly the Feast of the Virgin of Candelaria in Peru and Bolivia
• The music is characterized by its complex polyrhythms, played on a variety of percussion instruments such as the bombo, cajón, and chajchas
• Diablada dances feature performers dressed as devils, angels, and other mythical figures, enacting symbolic battles between good and evil
• The music and dance serve as a means of religious expression and cultural identity, showcasing the syncretism between indigenous and Catholic beliefs

Social and cultural context

• Andean folk music is deeply intertwined with the social and cultural life of the Andean people
• It serves as a means of expressing cultural identity, preserving traditional values, and fostering a sense of community

Music in Andean community life

• Music plays a central role in Andean community life, accompanying important events such as weddings, funerals, and agricultural celebrations
• Communal music-making, such as group singing and dancing, helps to strengthen social bonds and promote a sense of belonging
• Music is also used as a means of storytelling and oral history, preserving the cultural memory of Andean communities
• Participation in musical activities is often seen as a way of affirming one's cultural identity and connection to the land

Andean music vs modern influences

• As Andean societies have become increasingly exposed to globalization and modern influences, traditional music has faced challenges in terms of preservation and relevance
• Some younger generations have shown less interest in learning and performing traditional Andean music, preferring more contemporary styles
• However, there have also been efforts to adapt and modernize Andean folk music, incorporating new instruments, styles, and themes
• The balance between preserving traditional elements and embracing innovation remains an ongoing debate within Andean musical communities

Andean music in political movements

• Andean folk music has often been used as a tool for political expression and social activism
• During the 1960s and 1970s, the nueva canción movement in Chile and other Andean countries used folk music to protest against social injustice and political repression
• Songs with politically charged lyrics, often performed on traditional Andean instruments, became anthems of resistance and solidarity
• Andean music continues to be used as a means of raising awareness about social and environmental issues affecting indigenous communities in the region

Prominent Andean folk musicians

• Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, several Andean folk musicians have gained international recognition for their contributions to the genre
• These artists have played a crucial role in preserving and promoting Andean musical traditions, while also exploring new creative directions

Atahualpa Yupanqui: Argentine folk icon

• Atahualpa Yupanqui (1908-1992) was an Argentine singer, songwriter, and guitarist who is considered one of the most important figures in Andean folk music
• He is known for his poetic lyrics, which often dealt with themes of social justice, indigenous rights, and the beauty of the Andean landscape
• Yupanqui's music incorporated elements of Argentine folk styles, such as the zamba and chacarera, as well as Andean genres like the huayno and carnavalito
• His legacy has inspired generations of Andean musicians and helped to raise international awareness of the richness and diversity of Andean folk music

Los Kjarkas: Bolivian folk ensemble

• Los Kjarkas is a Bolivian folk music group formed in 1965, known for their innovative approach to traditional Andean music
• The ensemble has incorporated a wide range of Andean instruments, such as the charango, quena, and zampoña, along with modern elements like electric guitars and keyboards
• Los Kjarkas' music often features complex harmonies, intricate rhythms, and socially conscious lyrics that address issues facing indigenous communities
• The group has gained international success, touring extensively throughout Latin America, Europe, and Asia, and collaborating with artists from various musical backgrounds

Inti-Illimani: Chilean nueva canción group

• Inti-Illimani is a Chilean folk music group that was formed in 1967 and became a leading voice in the nueva canción movement
• The group's music combines traditional Andean instruments and musical styles with elements of classical music, jazz, and rock
• Inti-Illimani's songs often carry political messages, addressing themes of social justice, human rights, and solidarity with oppressed peoples
• The ensemble was forced into exile during the Pinochet dictatorship in Chile (1973-1990) but continued to perform and record internationally, becoming a symbol of resistance and hope for Chilean exiles and supporters of democracy

Andean folk music in popular culture

• Andean folk music has had a significant impact on popular culture, both within the Andean region and internationally
• The music has been embraced, adapted, and fused with various genres, contributing to the development of new musical styles and expressions

Fusion with other Latin American genres

• Andean folk music has been fused with other Latin American genres, such as salsa, cumbia, and rock, creating new hybrid styles
• For example, the Peruvian band Los Mojarras has combined Andean instruments and melodies with ska and punk rock, while the Colombian group Aterciopelados has incorporated Andean elements into their alternative rock sound
• These fusion experiments have helped to introduce Andean music to new audiences and demonstrate its versatility and adaptability

Andean folk music in world music scene

• Andean folk music has gained recognition in the world music scene, with artists and ensembles performing at international festivals and venues
• The popularity of Andean music in the world music context has led to increased interest in the cultural and historical background of the music, as well as the social and political issues faced by Andean communities
• Collaborations between Andean musicians and artists from other cultural backgrounds have also emerged, fostering intercultural dialogue and creative exchange

Representation in film and media

• Andean folk music has been featured in various films, documentaries, and television programs, helping to raise its profile and introduce it to wider audiences
• For example, the 2004 Peruvian film "Madeinusa" prominently features Andean music and dance, using them as a means of exploring cultural identity and social issues in an Andean village
• Documentaries such as "Soy Andina" (2007) and "When the Mountains Tremble" (1983) have used Andean music as a lens through which to examine the experiences and struggles of indigenous communities in the region
• The inclusion of Andean folk music in media has helped to promote a greater understanding and appreciation of the cultural richness and diversity of the Andean region