Parts of the Nervous System to Know for Anatomy and Physiology I

The nervous system is essential for controlling and coordinating body functions. It consists of the Central Nervous System (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), connecting the CNS to the rest of the body.

1. Central Nervous System (CNS)

   • Comprises the brain and spinal cord, serving as the main control center for the body.
   • Responsible for processing sensory information and coordinating responses.
   • Encased in protective structures, including the skull and vertebral column.

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

   • Consists of all nerves outside the CNS, connecting the CNS to limbs and organs.
   • Divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
   • Plays a crucial role in transmitting signals between the CNS and the rest of the body.

3. Brain

   • The control center for thoughts, emotions, memory, and motor functions.
   • Divided into several regions, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
   • Contains billions of neurons that communicate through complex networks.

4. Spinal Cord

   • A long, cylindrical structure that extends from the brainstem down the vertebral column.
   • Facilitates communication between the brain and the rest of the body.
   • Contains reflex pathways that allow for quick responses to stimuli.

5. Neurons

   • The basic functional units of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information.
   • Composed of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
   • Communicate through electrical impulses and chemical signals.

6. Synapses

   • Junctions between neurons where communication occurs.
   • Can be electrical or chemical, with chemical synapses using neurotransmitters.
   • Essential for the transmission of signals and processing of information.

7. Neurotransmitters

   • Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses.
   • Different types include dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine, each with specific functions.
   • Play a key role in mood regulation, muscle contraction, and various bodily functions.

8. Somatic Nervous System

   • A subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary movements.
   • Involves sensory and motor pathways that connect the CNS to skeletal muscles.
   • Responsible for reflex actions and conscious control of movements.

9. Autonomic Nervous System

   • Regulates involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate and digestion.
   • Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
   • Operates automatically without conscious control.

10. Sympathetic Nervous System

    • Prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses during stressful situations.
    • Increases heart rate, dilates airways, and inhibits digestion.
    • Activates the release of adrenaline and other stress hormones.

11. Parasympathetic Nervous System

    • Promotes "rest and digest" functions, conserving energy during calm states.
    • Slows heart rate, stimulates digestion, and promotes relaxation.
    • Works to counterbalance the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

12. Cranial Nerves

    • Twelve pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain.
    • Responsible for sensory and motor functions of the head and neck.
    • Include nerves for vision, hearing, taste, and facial movements.

13. Spinal Nerves

    • Thirty-one pairs of nerves that emerge from the spinal cord.
    • Carry sensory and motor information to and from the body.
    • Each spinal nerve is associated with a specific segment of the body.

14. Reflex Arc

    • A neural pathway that mediates a reflex action.
    • Involves sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.
    • Allows for rapid responses to stimuli without direct involvement of the brain.

15. Meninges

    • Three protective membranes (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater) surrounding the CNS.
    • Provide structural support and protect the brain and spinal cord from injury.
    • Contain cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the CNS and helps maintain homeostasis.