Hittites

Definition

The Hittites were an ancient civilization that thrived in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) from around the 18th century BCE to the 11th century BCE, known for their advances in metallurgy, particularly bronze and iron. Their development of a complex society and significant military power allowed them to engage in trade and warfare with neighboring cultures, influencing the broader dynamics of the ancient Near East.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Hittites are known for being among the first cultures to utilize iron in weapons production, which gave them a significant military advantage over their rivals.
2. They established a sophisticated legal system that included laws regarding property rights, trade regulations, and family matters, reflecting their advanced social structure.
3. The Hittite capital, Hattusa, was a major urban center featuring impressive architecture, including large fortifications and temples dedicated to their deities.
4. The Hittites engaged in extensive trade networks with neighboring cultures such as Egypt and Mesopotamia, exchanging goods like textiles, metalwork, and raw materials.
5. Their empire eventually declined due to a combination of internal strife, invasions from the Sea Peoples, and pressures from emerging powers like Assyria.

Review Questions

• How did the Hittites' advancements in metallurgy contribute to their military success and influence in the ancient Near East?
  • The Hittites' advancements in metallurgy, particularly their early adoption of ironworking, played a crucial role in their military success. By producing stronger and more durable weapons than those made of bronze, they were able to dominate their enemies on the battlefield. This technological edge not only allowed them to expand their territory but also positioned them as influential players in trade networks across the ancient Near East, impacting the balance of power among neighboring civilizations.
• Discuss how Hittite legal codes reflect their societal structure and values during their peak.
  • Hittite legal codes reveal much about their societal structure and values. These laws were comprehensive and covered various aspects of daily life, including property rights, marriage contracts, and penalties for crimes. The existence of such detailed regulations indicates a well-organized society with an emphasis on order and justice. This legal framework not only maintained social stability but also facilitated trade by providing clear guidelines that regulated economic transactions.
• Evaluate the long-term impacts of Hittite civilization on subsequent societies in Anatolia and beyond.
  • The long-term impacts of Hittite civilization can be seen in various aspects of culture and governance in subsequent societies. Their use of cuneiform writing influenced later Anatolian states by providing a foundation for written communication. Additionally, the Hittites' innovations in metallurgy set a precedent for future advancements in weaponry among neighboring cultures. The legal principles established by the Hittites can also be observed in later legal systems throughout the region, showcasing how their societal contributions shaped the historical trajectory of Anatolia and influenced the broader Mediterranean world.

Related terms

Hittite Empire: The political entity established by the Hittites, which expanded through military conquest and diplomatic alliances, reaching its height during the mid-14th century BCE.

Cuneiform: A system of writing developed by the Sumerians, which the Hittites adopted and adapted for their own language, using it to document treaties, laws, and literature.

Bronze Age: A historical period characterized by the use of bronze for tools and weapons, which significantly impacted trade, warfare, and societal organization across various ancient civilizations.