Institutionalized second-class citizenship refers to a systemic framework that enforces social, economic, and political inequalities based on race, primarily targeting African Americans in the United States. This framework was solidified through laws, policies, and social practices that marginalized Black individuals and communities, ensuring their exclusion from equal rights and opportunities. It manifested in various forms, including segregation laws and discriminatory practices that perpetuated a cycle of poverty and disenfranchisement.
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