Differential association

Definition

Differential association is a theory that explains how individuals learn deviant behavior through interactions with others. It suggests that people become criminals because they associate with those who promote criminal behavior, rather than through biological or psychological predispositions. This theory emphasizes the role of social environment and relationships in shaping an individual's actions and beliefs about crime.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Differential association was introduced by Edwin Sutherland in the early 20th century as part of his work on criminology.
2. The theory asserts that criminal behavior is learned in intimate personal groups, rather than being inherent or solely the result of individual traits.
3. Key components of the theory include the frequency, duration, intensity, and priority of associations with deviant individuals.
4. Differential association highlights that not all associations lead to criminal behavior; the nature of the association matters significantly.
5. This theory suggests that crime can be reduced by altering the social environment and providing individuals with positive role models.

Review Questions

• How does differential association explain the process through which individuals learn criminal behavior?
  • Differential association explains that individuals learn criminal behavior through their interactions with others who engage in or endorse such behavior. The more time a person spends with those who advocate crime, the more likely they are to adopt similar beliefs and behaviors. This learning occurs within close personal relationships, emphasizing that the social context and peer influences play a critical role in shaping one's propensity towards deviance.
• Discuss the implications of differential association theory for crime prevention strategies.
  • The implications of differential association for crime prevention suggest that altering social environments can be an effective strategy for reducing criminal behavior. By providing positive role models and fostering healthy relationships, communities can counteract negative influences that promote deviance. This means implementing programs that focus on mentorship, community engagement, and education to replace associations with criminals with associations that encourage positive behaviors.
• Evaluate the strengths and limitations of differential association as a framework for understanding crime in contemporary society.
  • Differential association offers valuable insights into how social interactions shape criminal behavior, highlighting the importance of environment over individual traits. However, it has limitations, such as insufficiently addressing factors like structural inequalities or personal motivations that might lead to crime. Additionally, critics argue it does not adequately account for instances of crime occurring in isolation from social influences. Evaluating these strengths and weaknesses helps frame discussions around comprehensive approaches to understanding and preventing crime.

Related terms

Social Learning Theory: A theory that posits that people learn behaviors through observation, imitation, and modeling, suggesting that behaviors can be learned from the social environment.

Subculture: A cultural group within a larger culture that has its own distinct values, norms, and behaviors, which can sometimes promote deviant practices.

Labeling Theory: A sociological theory that focuses on how being labeled as deviant can influence an individual's self-identity and behavior, often leading to further deviance.