Orthogonality relations are mathematical statements that describe how different representations and their corresponding characters interact with one another, often resulting in specific inner product relationships that provide insights into the structure of a group. These relations show that the inner product of characters associated with different irreducible representations is zero, reflecting the idea that distinct representations do not overlap in a certain way. Understanding these relations is crucial for analyzing the properties of irreducible representations, constructing character tables, and applying character theory to finite group theory.
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