Dvaita

Definition

Dvaita, or dualism, is a philosophical system in Hinduism that posits a fundamental distinction between the individual soul (atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman). This viewpoint asserts that while both are real, they are eternally separate entities. Dvaita emphasizes devotion to a personal deity, primarily Vishnu, and highlights the importance of worship and devotion in achieving liberation, which stands in contrast to non-dualistic perspectives.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Dvaita was primarily founded by the philosopher Madhvacharya in the 13th century, who argued against non-dualistic interpretations of Vedanta.
2. In Dvaita philosophy, the individual soul (atman) and God (Brahman) are seen as eternally distinct, emphasizing the importance of personal devotion.
3. Madhvacharya established the concept of 'Tattva,' which refers to different categories of existence including the Supreme Being, individual souls, and matter.
4. The Dvaita school is often associated with a strong tradition of devotional literature and practices aimed at cultivating a personal relationship with God.
5. The teachings of Dvaita have significantly influenced various sects within Hinduism, especially those focusing on devotional practices towards deities like Vishnu.

Review Questions

• How does Dvaita philosophy contrast with Advaita in terms of the relationship between the individual soul and Brahman?
  • Dvaita philosophy maintains a clear distinction between the individual soul (atman) and Brahman, asserting that they are eternally separate entities. In contrast, Advaita argues that there is no real separation between atman and Brahman, claiming that all existence is ultimately one. This difference emphasizes how Dvaita prioritizes devotion to a personal god as essential for liberation, whereas Advaita focuses on realizing the oneness of all existence.
• What role does Bhakti play in Dvaita philosophy and how does it enhance spiritual practice among followers?
  • Bhakti plays a central role in Dvaita philosophy by promoting personal devotion to a deity, primarily Vishnu. This devotion fosters an intimate relationship between worshippers and their god, which is seen as essential for attaining liberation. The practice of Bhakti enriches spiritual experiences through rituals, prayers, and community celebrations, reinforcing the belief in an eternal connection between individuals and the divine.
• Evaluate how Madhvacharya's teachings contributed to the development of religious thought within Hinduism and their lasting impact on contemporary practices.
  • Madhvacharya's teachings laid the foundation for Dvaita philosophy, significantly influencing religious thought within Hinduism by advocating for a clear distinction between God and individual souls. His emphasis on personal devotion has fostered numerous sects focused on worshipping Vishnu and has shaped devotional literature and practices that continue to thrive today. The legacy of Dvaita can be seen in modern Hindu communities where devotional worship remains a key aspect of religious expression and identity.

Related terms

Advaita: Advaita is a non-dualistic philosophy within Hinduism that argues that there is no real distinction between the individual soul and the ultimate reality, suggesting that all is one.

Bhakti: Bhakti refers to the devotional aspect of Hinduism where practitioners express their love and devotion towards a personal god, which is central to Dvaita philosophy.

Vishishtadvaita: Vishishtadvaita is a philosophy that combines aspects of both dualism and non-dualism, arguing for a qualified non-duality that recognizes the distinctness of the individual soul while still maintaining its oneness with Brahman.