Phidias

Definition

Phidias was an ancient Greek sculptor and architect, renowned for his monumental works during the Classical period, particularly his creations for the Parthenon in Athens. He is celebrated for his ability to bring life and emotion to marble and bronze, making him a pivotal figure in the development of public art that embodies civic pride and religious devotion in ancient Greece.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Phidias is believed to have been born around 480 BCE and died around 430 BCE, a period during which he created some of the most significant works of ancient art.
2. He was responsible for the sculptural decoration of the Parthenon, including the frieze, metopes, and the famous statue of Athena Parthenos.
3. Phidias' style marked a shift towards more dynamic forms and intricate details in sculpture, setting a standard for future generations of artists.
4. He was also involved in the design of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, where he created a monumental statue of Zeus that was considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
5. Phidias faced political challenges and accusations in his later years, leading to his trial and eventual exile from Athens, yet his legacy lived on through his artistic contributions.

Review Questions

• How did Phidias' work on the Parthenon contribute to the understanding of civic identity in ancient Athens?
  • Phidias' work on the Parthenon was crucial in shaping Athenian civic identity as it symbolized both religious devotion to Athena and the city's political power. The temple served as a visual representation of Athenian values, with its sculptures reflecting ideals of beauty, harmony, and strength. Through these works, Phidias not only celebrated the goddess Athena but also reinforced the pride and unity among Athenians during a time of cultural flourishing.
• In what ways did Phidias influence the evolution of classical sculpture beyond his lifetime?
  • Phidias significantly influenced classical sculpture through his innovative techniques and emphasis on idealized human forms. His ability to imbue sculptures with emotion and movement set new standards for artistic expression in ancient Greece. Subsequent artists looked to Phidias as a model, adopting his styles while also expanding upon them, leading to a rich tradition of sculpture that continued well into the Hellenistic period.
• Evaluate the political and social implications of Phidias' exile from Athens in relation to his artistic legacy.
  • Phidias' exile from Athens reflects the complex interplay between art and politics in ancient Greece. Accused of embezzlement and impiety, his fall from grace highlights how political tensions could overshadow artistic achievements. Despite this setback, Phidias’ works continued to inspire awe and respect; they were celebrated long after his death as embodiments of Athenian cultural identity. His legacy demonstrates how art can transcend individual circumstances and remain influential across time, connecting future generations with their historical roots.

Related terms

Parthenon: A former temple on the Athenian Acropolis, dedicated to the goddess Athena, which is known for its architectural brilliance and sculptures crafted by Phidias.

Classical Sculpture: A style of sculpture that emerged in ancient Greece characterized by idealized forms, naturalistic details, and a focus on human beauty and proportion.

Athena Parthenos: A colossal statue of the goddess Athena made by Phidias, which once stood inside the Parthenon and symbolized Athenian prosperity and religious devotion.