Velayat-e faqih

Definition

Velayat-e faqih, or 'guardianship of the jurist,' is a political and religious doctrine that grants authority to a leading Islamic jurist (faqih) to govern society in accordance with Islamic law (Sharia). This concept was a cornerstone of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, providing a framework for the establishment of an Islamic state where the clerical leadership holds significant power over political affairs and societal norms.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Velayat-e faqih was proposed by Ayatollah Khomeini as a solution to governance in an Islamic state, combining religious authority with political power.
2. The principle was central to the ideology of the Iranian Revolution, legitimizing the overthrow of the Pahlavi monarchy and establishing clerical rule.
3. In Iran, velayat-e faqih is embodied in the Constitution, where the Supreme Leader holds ultimate authority over all branches of government and military.
4. The concept emphasizes that a qualified Islamic jurist must interpret Sharia law to ensure governance aligns with Islamic principles.
5. Critics argue that velayat-e faqih undermines democracy by concentrating power in the hands of a few clerics and limiting civil liberties.

Review Questions

• How did velayat-e faqih influence the events leading up to the 1979 Iranian Revolution?
  • Velayat-e faqih played a crucial role in unifying various opposition groups against the Shah's regime by offering a compelling vision for governance based on Islamic principles. Ayatollah Khomeini's promotion of this doctrine resonated with many Iranians who sought not only political change but also an Islamic state. This ideological framework helped mobilize support among diverse factions, ultimately leading to the successful overthrow of the Pahlavi monarchy.
• What are the implications of velayat-e faqih on the political system established in Iran after the revolution?
  • The implementation of velayat-e faqih resulted in a unique political structure where religious leaders hold significant power alongside elected officials. The Supreme Leader, as the highest authority under this system, exercises control over all branches of government and military actions, often overshadowing democratic processes. This duality creates tension between democratic aspirations among some citizens and the authoritative governance imposed by clerical leadership.
• Evaluate the long-term effects of velayat-e faqih on Iranian society and its political dynamics.
  • The long-term effects of velayat-e faqih have led to a complex interplay between religion and politics in Iran. While it has provided stability under clerical rule, it has also stifled dissent and limited democratic freedoms. Over time, societal demands for reform and greater political participation have clashed with the rigid structures established by this doctrine, resulting in ongoing tensions between reformist movements and conservative elements within the regime. This dynamic continues to shape Iran's internal politics and its relationship with the broader international community.

Related terms

Ayatollah: A high-ranking title given to Shia Islamic scholars who are experts in Islamic jurisprudence and theology, often serving as leaders and decision-makers within the community.

Islamic Republic: A form of government established in Iran after the 1979 Revolution, characterized by a fusion of Islamic governance and republican principles, where both elected officials and religious leaders share power.

Shia Islam: The second-largest branch of Islam, which holds that leadership should reside with the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad, particularly through his cousin and son-in-law, Ali.